Problem B: Fighting Wildfires… Bushfires have had a devastating impact on every state in Australia during the 2019-20 fire season, with the eastern states of New South Wales and Victoria particularly affected. Wildfires usually occur during periods of severe drought and heat waves. Figure 1 shows the mountain fire map for the period from October 1, 2019 to January 7, 2020 in this region, with yellow indicating that the fire lasted from October 1 to January 6 and red indicating only that the fire was active on January 7, 2020.
Firefighters have used drones for surveillance and situational awareness (SSA) for years. SSA uAVs carry high-definition, thermal imagers and telemetry sensors that monitor and report data from frontline personnel’s wearable devices. Among them, wearable devices can be used for personnel positioning and environmental monitoring. SSA uAVs are used to monitor changing conditions in the field, enabling emergency Operations Centers (EOC) to better, more efficiently and safely guide staff.
Two-way radios allow forward units on the ground to send status data reports to the EOC, while allowing the EOC to issue orders directly to forward units. The deployed personnel carry hand-held two-way radios operating in the VHF/UHF bands. The operating range of handheld radios is limited by their low transmitting power (typically up to 5 watts) and is largely determined by “distance and physical topography in rural areas” or “architectural topography in urban areas”, where weather has little effect on VHF/UHF. The nominal range of the 5-watt radio equipment is 5 km on flat areas and barrier-free ground, but only 2 km in urban areas. A repeater is a transceiver that automatically rebroadcasts a signal at higher power, extending the range of a radio. Repeaters located between the front line and the EOC relay radio signals from the front line to the EOC and from the EOC to the front line. Similarly, the repeater to operating range also depends on distance and terrain, but far more than low-power handheld radios.
More recently, hoverable drones with Repeaters have been used to greatly extend the range of low-power radios on the front line. A drone carrying a “10-watt, 1.3-kilogram repeater” can have a range of 20 kilometers far above the ground. When the WileE — 15.2X prototype uav is equipped with a radio repeater or video and telemetry capabilities, the estimated cost can reach A $10,000. According to the test, uav has the functions as shown in Table 1.
Flight distance: 30km Maximum speed: 20m/s Maximum flight time: 2.5 hours Uav built-in battery charging time: 1.75 hours Note: When the built-in battery of UAV is charged, the auxiliary batteries such as radio, video/telemetry and so on can be replaced (meaning, the built-in battery of UAV is not allowed to be removed, so there is a “cooling” time, which needs to be recycled back to charge, while the batteries of cameras, radio and other instruments can be removed to ensure that there is electricity at any time. Also, the battery life of cameras and other instruments should be more than 2.5 hours.
The requirements of this paper are as follows:
Build a model for “CFA’s new division – Bushfire Emergency Response Division” to purchase SSA uAVs and radio Repeater UAVs in optimal quantity ratio. The model should balance capability and security while considering economy, and also consider “reconnaissance communications mission requirements” and “terrain”. The model should also take into account the size and frequency of fire events. Explain how your model accommodates possible changes in “extreme bushfire events over the next decade”? What equipment costs are expected to increase, assuming drone equipment costs remain constant? A model was designed to optimize the location of VHF/UHF radio repeater UAVs with different fire sizes over different terrains, as shown in Figure 2: Topographic map of East Victoria. Note that the elevation range refers to 1986m from the coast to sea level to the Bogong Mountains. Prepare an annotated budget table for CFA based on the model in this article. There are two types of auxiliary instruments mentioned in the general title, one is the SSA detector, which is used to monitor the two functions of “positioning”, “communication” and “personal safety” of ground troops, and the other is the repeater, which is used to expand the communication range of the handheld radio of ground troops. The functions of the two types of instruments are not interchangeable.
On the other hand, it can be seen from the title that uav can only carry one of the above two types of instruments, either SSA or repeater. (the original: Akme Corporation’s Prototype WileE — 15.2x hybrid drone is projected to cost approximately $10,000 (AUD) when equipped with either a radio repeater or video & telemetry capability. 10,000 aud can only carry SSA or repeater, otherwise, I don’t know the unit price of SSA or repeater.
Therefore, several key elements of this paper: UAV, repeater, SSA, fire size and frequency, cost, terrain. (The title does not limit the number of troops on the ground.)
Problem 1: Build a model for “CFA’s new division – Bushfire Emergency Response Division” to purchase SSA uAVs and radio Repeater UAVs in optimal quantity ratio. The model should balance capability and security while considering economy, and also consider “reconnaissance communications mission requirements” and “terrain”. The model should also take into account the size and frequency of fire events. Question 1 mainly needs to consider “how many uAVs and instruments should be bought in what situation”. Therefore, the dependent variable can be set to “SSA and repeater”, and drones need not be listed in the formula, because “SSA and repeater” must be equipped with a DRONE; The independent variables can be set to “fire size and frequency” and “terrain”; Constraints can then be set to “cost,” “communication requirements,” “location and monitoring, and other capabilities.” In this way, we can get a programming problem with constraints. (You can also consider the cost of SSA and repeater as an objective function.)
The larger the fire, the greater the threat to personnel, so you need to make sure that SSA can detect every service member; The higher the fire frequency, the larger the communication range may be, so as to coordinate the position of personnel at any time and cooperate with each other. The more complex the terrain, the stronger the signal interference, so more Repeaters are needed (here, an additional “signal interference model” should be built to simulate the impact of different terrain environment on the signal, such problems should be described in the paper); Consider how many square kilometers are the largest fires in the region, and the total number of drones purchased should cover all possible fire areas, i.e., “saturated”; In this way, the model can be established according to the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables, and the optimal solution can be found by referring to constraints. It is similar to “linear programming problem by graphical method”, where there may be multiple solutions at the edge.
Question 2: Explain how your model ADAPTS to possible changes in “extreme bushfire events over the next decade”. What equipment costs are expected to increase, assuming the cost of unmanned aerial systems stays the same? “How your model ADAPTS to the changing of extreme fire events over the next A decade later, the size and frequency of wildfires have changed.
Because demand for Ssas and Repeaters changes as size and frequency change, more SSAS and Repeaters may need to be purchased. (The question is to control the cost, not necessarily the amount of money, but as little as possible.)
So, this topic can try to analyze the Australia the area of climate change, take a look at the climate in recent decades and the fire is a what kind of relationship, and then forecast the wildfires in the next decade may show what kind of situation, for the next ten years after the fire scale and frequency of the can into the formula of the first question to solve.
So the main thing is to predict the climate.
Problem 3: Design a model to optimize the location of VHF/UHF radio repeater UAVs with different fire sizes on different terrains, as shown in Figure 2: Topographic map of East Victoria. Note that the elevation range refers to 1986m from the coast to sea level to the Bogong Mountains. “Optimized drone position,” which means that the position of the drone can be adjusted according to the terrain and fire situation.
The more terrain interferes with the signal, the denser the repeater uAVs should be, just as fire would affect uAVs.
Among them, the working range of the repeater is based on the half-valence unit, while the complexity of the terrain will reduce the half-valence unit, so the “UAV position-terrain” model can be established accordingly. However, with a large fire scale, SSA is required to ensure the safety of troops, at least to ensure that troops within the scope of fire can be covered by SSA, and the “UAV position-fire” model can be established accordingly.
Question 4: Prepare an annotated budget table for CFA based on the model in this article. There is no special format for the annotated budget table, as long as it contains everything the topic asks for. (译 文 : Budget Request: A budget request is a business letter seeking funds for costs, expenses, and/or operating overhead for a project or department within an organization. An annotated budget request provides a Justification or rationale for each requested item.)