directory
Introduction to Linux
Summary of Common Linux commands
Commands related to system operations
1. System information processing
2. The system restarts and shuts down
Two, file operation related commands
1. File and directory operations
2. File search operation
3. File mounting system
4. File permission operation
5. Special properties of files
Package and compress files
7. View the file contents
8. Text processing
9. Character setting and file format conversion
10. File system analysis
11. Initialize a file system
12. SWAP file system
Commands related to disk space
4. Commands related to users and groups
Fedora, Redhat, and similar commands
1. RPM package command
2. YUM software package upgrader
Debian, Ubuntu and similar system related commands
1, DEB package
2. APT software tools
Seven, backup and CD related commands
1. Backup operations
2. Disc operation
Ethernet and WIFI wireless related commands
Hello, I’m Little Grey Ape.
Recently, when I was learning about Linux system, I found that there are many common commands in Linux system, so I found many summaries of big guys on the Internet, and then simply collected them. Have inadequacy and complementary place still hope each big man points out.
Introduction to Linux
Linux, full name GNU/Linux, is a unix-like operating system that is free to use and freely distributed. It is also a multi-user, multi-task, multi-threading and multi-CPU operating system based on POSIX and Unix. As the Internet grew, Linux gained support from software enthusiasts, organizations, and companies around the world. In addition to maintaining a strong momentum of development in servers, it has made great progress in personal computers and embedded systems. Users can not only intuitively obtain the implementation mechanism of the operating system, but also modify and improve Linux according to their own needs, so that it can maximize the needs of users.
Linux is not only stable, but also open source software. Its core firewall component has high performance and simple configuration, which ensures the security of the system. In many enterprise networks, Linux is used not only as a server but also as a firewall for the sake of speed and security.
Linux has open source, no copyright, technical community of users and other characteristics, open source users can be freely tailored, high flexibility, powerful, low cost. Especially the network protocol stack embedded in the system can realize the function of router after proper configuration. These characteristics make Linux an ideal development platform for routing and switching devices. As a result, many large Internet companies now require developers to be able to use Linux.
Summary of Common Linux commands
Commands related to system operations
支那1.支那System information To deal with
Arch shows the processor architecture of the machine
Uname -m Displays the processor architecture of the machine
Uname -r Displays the kernel version in use
Dmidecode -Q Display hardware system components – (SMBIOS/DMI)
Hdparm -i /dev/hda lists the architectural features of a disk
Hdparm -tt /dev/sda Performs a test read operation on disk
Cat /proc/cpuinfo Displays CPU information
Cat /proc/interrupts Displays an interrupt
Cat /proc/meminfo Verifies memory usage
Cat /proc/swaps shows which swaps are used
Cat /proc/version Displays the kernel version
Cat /proc/net/dev Displays network adapter and statistics
Cat /proc/mounts Displays a loaded file system
Lspci-tv lists all PCI devices
Lsusb-tv Displays USB devices
Date Displays the system date
CAL 2020 Displays the calendar for 2020
Date Displays the current system time
Clock -w Saves the time change to the BIOS
2. The system restarts and shuts down
Shutdown -h now Shuts down the system
Init 0 Shuts down the system
Telinit 0 Shut down the system
Shutdown -h hours:minutes & shutdown the system at the scheduled time
Shutdown -c Cancels shutting down the system at the scheduled time
Shutdown -r now Restart
Reboot to restart
Logout logout
Two, file operation related commands
1.file and directory operation
CD /home Go to ‘/ home’ directory
cd .. Returns the upper directory
cd .. /.. Returns the previous two levels of directories
CD goes to the personal home directory
CD ~user1 Go to the personal home directory
CD – Returns the last directory
PWD Displays the current working path
Ls Displays files in a directory
Ls -f Displays files in the directory
Ls -l Displays detailed information about files and directories
Ls -a Displays hidden files
Ls *[0-9]* Displays the file name and directory name containing digits
Tree Displays the tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory
Lstree displays the tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory
Mkdir dir1 Creates a directory called ‘dir1’
Mkdir dir1 dir2 Create two directories simultaneously
Mkdir -p/TMP /dir1/dir2 Creates a directory tree
Rm -f file1 delete a file called ‘file1’
Rmdir dir1 Delete a directory called ‘dir1’
Rm -rf dir1 Deletes a directory named ‘dir1’ and its contents at the same time
Rm -rf dir1 dir2 Delete both directories and their contents
Mv dir1 new_dir Renames or moves a directory
Cp file1 file2 Copies a file
Cp dir/*. Copy all files in a directory to the current working directory
Cp -a/TMP/dir1. copy a directory to the current working directory
Cp -a dir1 dir2 Copies a directory
Ln -s file1 lnk1 Creates a soft link to a file or directory
Ln file1 lnk1 Creates a physical link to a file or directory
Touch -t YYMMDDhhmm file1 Changes the timestamp of a file or directory
Iconv-l lists the known encodings
2,File search operation
Find / -name file1 Searches for files and directories in the root file system starting with ‘/’
Find / -user user1 Searches for files and directories belonging to user ‘user1’
Find /home/user1-name \*. Bin Searches for files ending in’.bin’ in the directory ‘/home/user1’
Find /usr/bin-type f-atime +100 Searches for execution files that have not been used in the past 100 days
Find /usr/bin-type f-mtime-10 Searches for files that have been created or modified within 10 days
find / -name \*.rpm -exec chmod 755 ‘{}’ \; Search for files ending in ‘.rpm’ and define their permissions
Find / -xdev-name \*. RPM Searches for files ending in ‘. RPM ‘, ignoring removable devices such as CD-ROM drives and flash drives
Locate \*.ps Finds files ending in ‘.ps’
Whereis Halt displays the location of a binary, source, or MAN
Which HALT displays the full path to a binary or executable file
3,file Mount system* * * *
Mount /dev/hda2 / MNT /hda2 to mount a disk named hda2 – make sure the directory ‘/ MNT /hda2’ already exists
Umount /dev/hda2 Unmount a disk named hda2 from the mount point ‘/ MNT /hda2’
User-km/MNT /hda2 Forcibly uninstalls the device when it is busy
Umount -n/MNT /hda2 Run the unmount operation without writing to the /etc/mtab file – useful when the file is read-only or when the disk is full
Mount /dev/fd0/mnt /floppy Mounts a floppy disk
Mount /dev/cdrom/MNT /cdrom To mount a Cdrom or dvdrom
Mount /dev/hdc/MNT/cdRecorder to mount a CDRW or DVdrom
Mount /dev/hdb/mnt/cdRecorder to mount a CDRW or dvdrom
Mount -o loop file.iso/MNT /cdrom To mount a file or iso image file
Mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 / MNT /hda5 Mount a Windows FAT32 file system
Mount /dev/sda1 / MNT /usbdisk To mount a USB flash drive or flash storage device
Mount -t SMBFS -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share/MNT /share Mount a Windows network share
4,File permissions operation
Ls -lh Displays permissions
The ls/TMP | pr – T5 – W $COLUMNS will be divided into 5 bar terminal display
Chmod ugo+ RWX directory1 Sets owner (u), group (g), and other (O) permissions for the directory to read (r), write (w), and execute (x)
Chmod go-rwx directory1 Deletes the read/write permissions of the group (g) and others (O) on the directory
Chown user1 file1 changes the owner attribute of a file
Chown -r user1 directory1 Changes the owner properties of a directory and the properties of all files in the directory
CHGRP group1 file1 Specifies the group that changes the file
Chown user1:group1 file1 Changes the owner and group properties of a file
Find / -perm -u+s lists all files in a system that use SUID control
Chmod u+s /bin/file1 Sets the SUID bit of a binary file – the user running the file is given the same permissions as the owner
Chmod u-s /bin/file1 Disables the SUID bit of a binary file
Chmod g+s /home/public Sets the SGID bit of a directory – similar to SUID, except for directories
Chmod g-s /home/public Disables the SGID bit of a directory
Chmod o+t /home/public Sets the STIKY bits of a file – only allows legal owners to delete files
Chmod o-t /home/public Disables the STIKY bit of a directory
5,Special properties of the file
Chattr +a file1 Files can be read or written in appending mode only
Chattr +c file1 allows this file to be automatically compressed/uncompressed by the kernel
Chattr +d file1 This file is ignored by the dump program during file system backup
Chattr + I file1 is set to an immutable file that cannot be deleted, modified, renamed, or linked
Chattr +s file1 allows a file to be safely deleted
Chattr +S file1 Causes the system to write the changes to disk as soon as the application writes to the file
Chattr +u file1 If a file is deleted, the system will allow you to restore the deleted file at a later time
Lsattr displays special attributes
6,Package and compress files
Bunzip2 file1.bz2 unzip a file called ‘file1.bz2’
Bzip2 file1 compresses a file called ‘file1’
Gunzip file1.gz Unzip a file called ‘file1.gz’
Gzip file1 compresses a file called ‘file1’
Gzip-9 File1 Maximum compression
Rar a file1.rar test_file creates a package called ‘file1.rar’
Rar a file1. Rar file1 file2 dir1 Compresses ‘file1’, ‘file2’ and directory ‘dir1’ simultaneously.
Unrar x file1.rar Decompresses the RAR package
Tar -cvf archive.tar file1 Creates an uncompressed tarball
Tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 Creates an archive file containing ‘file1’, ‘file2’ and ‘dir1’
Tar -tf archive.tar displays the contents of a package
Tar -xvf archive.tar Releases a package
Tar -xvf archive.tar -c/TMP Release the compressed package to the/TMP directory
Tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 Creates a compressed package in bzip2 format
Tar -jxvf archive.tar.bz2 Decompress a bzip2 package
Tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 Create a compressed package in gzip format
Gz Decompress a package in gzip format
Zip file1. Zip file1 Creates a zip package
Zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 Compresses several files and directories into a zip package
Unzip file1.zip Decompresses a zip package
7,Viewing file Contents
Cat file1 Forwards the file from the first byte
Cat file1 file2 Displays the contents of files 1 and 2 simultaneously
Cat file1 file2 > mfile Merge file file1 and file file2 and save them to file mfile
Tac file1 looks at the contents of a file in reverse, starting with the last line
More file1 Displays the contents of a long file
Less file1 is similar to the ‘more’ command, but it allows reverse operations in a file as well as operations
Head-2 file1 Displays the first two lines of a file
Head -v file1 Displays the content of file file1 and the file title
Tail-2 file1 Displays the last two lines of a file
Tail -c 10 file1 Displays the last 10 characters of a file
Tail -f /var/log/messages View the contents added to a file in real time
Eight,Text processing
cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc…) > result.txt merges the detailed text of a file and writes the introduction to a new file
cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc…) >> result.txt merges the detailed text of a file and writes the introduction to an existing file
Grep Aug /var/log/messages Find the keyword “Aug” in the file ‘/var/log/messages’
Grep ^Aug /var/log/messages Look for words starting with “Aug” in the file ‘/var/log/messages’
Grep [0-9] /var/log/messages Select all lines containing numbers in the ‘/var/log/messages’ file
Grep Aug -r /var/log/* Search for the string “Aug” in the directory ‘/var/log’ and subsequent directories
Sed ‘s/stringa1/stringa2/g’ example. TXT replace “string1” in example. TXT with “string2”
Sed ‘/^$/d’ example.txt deletes all blank lines from example.txt
sed ‘/ *#/d; /^$/d’ example.txt Removes all comments and blank lines from example.txt
Echo ‘esempio’ | tr / : the lower: ‘ ‘[: upper:]’ merger and content of cells
Sed -e ‘1d’ result. TXT excludes the first line from the file example. TXT
Sed -n ‘/stringa1/p’ looks at lines containing only the word “string1”
Sed -e ‘s/ *$//’ example. TXT deletes the whitespace character at the end of each line
Sed -e ‘s/stringa1//g’ example. TXT deletes only the word “string1” from the file and keeps all the rest
Sed – n ‘1, 5 p; 5q’ example.txt Displays the contents from line 1 to line 5
sed -n ‘5p; 5q’ example.txt Look at line 5
Sed -e ‘s/00*/0/g’ example.txt replaces multiple zeros with a single zero
Cat -n file1 indicates the number of lines in a file
The cat example. TXT | awk ‘NR % 2 = = 1’ delete example. All even lines of the TXT file
Echo a b c | awk ‘} {print $1 to check the line of the first column
Echo a b c | awk ‘{print $1, $3}’ see a row of the first and the third column
Paste File1 file2 Combines the contents of two files or columns
Paste -d ‘+’ file1 file2 Combines the contents of two files or columns with “+” between them
Sort file1 file2 Sorts the contents of two files
Sort file1 file2 | uniq took out two file and set the line only keep a (repeat)
Sort file1 file2 | uniq -u delete intersection, leaving the other line
Sort file1 file2 | uniq – d out the intersection of two files (leaving only exists in two files in the file at the same time)
Comm-1 file1 file2 Compares the contents of two files and deletes only the contents contained in ‘file1’
Comm-2 file1 file2 Compares the contents of two files and deletes only the contents contained in ‘file2’
Comm-3 file1 file2 Compares the contents of two files and deletes only the common parts of the two files
9,Character Settings and file format conversion
TXT Fileunix. TXT converts a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX
Unix2dos fileunix.txt Converts a text file from UNIX to MSDOS
recode .. HTML < page.txt > page.html converts a text file to HTML
Recode – l | more show all allow conversion formats
10,File System Analysis
Badblocks -v /dev/hda1 Check the bad magnetic blocks on disk Hda1
FSCK /dev/hda1 Fixes/checks the integrity of the Linux file system on the hda1 disk
Ext2 /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of the ext2 file system on the hda1 disk
E2fsck /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of the ext2 file system on disk hda1
E2fsck -j /dev/hda1 Restores/checks the integrity of the ext3 file system on hda1
Ext3 /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of the ext3 file system on the hda1 disk
Fsck. vfat /dev/hda1 Repair/check the integrity of the FAT file system on hda1
Fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 Fixes/checks the integrity of the DOS file system on the hda1 disk
Dosfsck /dev/hda1 Fixes/checks the integrity of the DOS file system on the hda1 disk
11,Example Initialize a file system
MKFS /dev/hda1 Creates a file system in the hda1 partition
Mke2fs /dev/hda1 Creates a Linux ext2 file system in the hda1 partition
Mke2fs -j /dev/hda1 creates a Linux ext3(journaling) file system in the hda1 partition
MKFS -t vfat 32 -f /dev/hda1 Creates a FAT32 file system
Fdformat -n /dev/fd0 Formats a floppy disk
Mkswap /dev/hda3 Create a swap file system
12,SWAP file system
Mkswap /dev/hda3 Create a swap file system
Swapon /dev/hda3 Enables a new swap file system
Swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3 Enable two swap partitions
Commands related to disk space
Df -h Displays the list of mounted partitions
Ls – lSr | more arranged in size files and directories
Du -sh dir1 Estimated disk space used by directory ‘dir1’
Du – sk * | sort – rn) based on size, in turn, according to the size of the files and directories
RPM – q – a – qf ’10 {NAME} {SIZE} t % % n’ | sort – k1, 1 n based on the SIZE of the display has been installed in turn the space used by RPM package (fedora, redhat class system)
dpkg-query -W -f=’${Installed-Size; 10} ${Package} n ‘t | sort – k1, 1 n based on the size of the display installed deb Package used by space (ubuntu, debian system)
4. Commands related to users and groups
Groupadd group_name Creates a user group
Groupdel group_name Deletes a user group
Groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name Renames a user group
Useradd -c “Name Surname “-g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 Creates a user belonging to user group admin
Useradd user1 creates a new user
Userdel -r user1 Deletes a user (‘-r’ excludes the home directory)
Usermod -c “User FTP” -g system -d/FTP /user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 Modifies User attributes
Passwd Changes the password
Passwd user1 Changes the password of a user (root only).
Chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 Sets the validity period of the user password
PWCK checks ‘/etc/passwd’ for file format and syntax corrections as well as existing users
GRPCK checks ‘/etc/passwd’ for file format and syntax corrections as well as existing groups
Newgrp group_name logs in to a new group to change the default group for newly created files
Fedora, Redhat, and similar commands
1.The RPM package The command
RPM -ivh package. RPM Installs an RPM package
RPM -ivh –nodeeps package. RPM Installs an RPM package and ignores dependency warnings
RPM -u package. RPM Updates an RPM package without changing its configuration file
RPM -f package. RPM Updates an RPM package that has been installed
RPM -e package_name. RPM Deletes an RPM package
RPM -qa Displays all installed RPM packages in the system
RPM – qa | grep HTTPD shows all name contains “HTTPD” RPM package
RPM -qi package_name Gets special information about an installed package
RPM -qg “System Environment/Daemons” displays the RPM package of a component
RPM -ql package_name Displays a list of files provided by an installed RPM package
RPM -QC package_name Displays a list of configuration files provided by an installed RPM package
RPM -q package_name –whatrequires displays a list of dependencies that exist with an RPM package
RPM -q package_name –whatprovides Displays the volume of an RPM package
RPM -q package_name –scripts displays the script L executed during installation/deletion
RPM -q package_name –changelog Displays the change history of an RPM package
The RPM – qf/etc/HTTPD/conf/HTTPD. Conf the confirmation to the documents provided by which RPM package
RPM -qp package. RPM -l displays a list of files provided by an RPM package that has not yet been installed
RPM –import /media/cdrom/RPM -gpg-key Import the public KEY digital certificate
RPM –checksig package. RPM Verifies the integrity of an RPM package
RPM -qa gpg-pubkey Check the integrity of all installed RPM packages
RPM -v package_name Check the file size, license, type, owner, group, MD5 check, and last modification time
RPM -va Check all installed RPM packages in the system – Use them with caution
RPM -vp package. RPM Check that an RPM package is not installed
Rpm2cpio package. The RPM | cpio, extract, the make – bin directories * * from a RPM package run an executable file
RPM -ivh /usr/src/redhat/rpm/’ arch ‘/package. RPM Installs a built package from an RPM source
Rpmbuild –rebuild package_name.src. RPM Builds an RPM package from an RPM source
2. YUM software package upgrader
Yum install package_name Download and install an RPM package
Yum localInstall package_name. RPM will install an RPM package and use your own repository to resolve all dependencies for you
Yum update package_name. RPM Updates all installed RPM packages in the system
Yum update package_name Updates an RPM package
Yum remove package_name Deletes an RPM package
Yum List lists all packages installed on the current system
Yum Search package_name Searches for packages in the RPM repository
Yum Clean Packages delete the downloaded packages from the RPM cache
Yum Clean headers deletes all header files
Yum Clean All deletes all cached packages and headers
Debian, Ubuntu and similar system related commands
1.DEB package
DPKG -i package.deb Installs/updates a deb package
DPKG -r package_name Deletes a DEB package from the system
DKG -l displays all deb packages installed in the system
DPKG -l | grep HTTPD shows all name contains “HTTPD” deb package
DKG -s package_name Gets information about a particular package that has been installed on the system
DPKG -l package_name displays a list of files provided by a DEB package that has been installed on your system
DPKG –contents package.deb displays a list of files provided by a package that has not yet been installed
DPKG -s /bin/ping confirms which deb package is providing the file given
2,APT Software Tools
Apt-get install package_name Install/update a deb package
Apt-cdrom install package_name Install/update a deb package from the cd-rom
Apt-get Update Updates software packages in the list
Apt-get upgrade Upgrades all installed software
Apt-get remove package_name Deletes a deb package from the system
Apt-get check Verifies that the software repository is correct
Apt-get clean Cleans the cache from downloaded packages
Apt-cache search searched-package returns the name of the package containing the searched string
Seven, backup and CD related commands
1.The backupoperation
Dump-0aj -f/TMP /home0.bak /home Make a full backup of the ‘/home’ directory
Dump-1aj -f/TMP /home0.bak /home Make an interactive backup of the ‘/home’ directory
Restore-if/TMP /home0.bak Restores an interactive backup
Rsync-rogpav –delete /home/tmp To synchronize the directories on both sides
Rsync-rogpav -e SSH –delete /home ip_address:/ TMP Rsync through the SSH channel
Rsync-az -e SSH –delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local To synchronize a remote directory to the local directory through SSH and compression
Rsync-az -e SSH –delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public To synchronize the local directory to the remote directory through SSH and compression
Dd bs = 1 m if = / dev/hda | gzip | SSH user @ ip_addr ‘dd of = hda. Gz’ via SSH on a remote host to perform a backup of the local disk operations
Dd if=/dev/sda of=/ TMP /file1 backup the disk contents to a file tar -puf backup.tar /home/user perform an interactive backup operation on the ‘/home/user’ directory
(CD/TMP/local / && tar c.) | SSH – c user @ ip_addr ‘CD/home/share / && tar x – p’ via SSH to copy a directory content in the remote directory
C/home (tar) | SSH – c user @ ip_addr ‘CD/home/backup – home && tar x – p’ via SSH in the remote directory copy a local directory
tar cf – . | (cd /tmp/backup ; Tar xf -) locally Copy a directory to another location, keeping the original permissions and links
Find/home/user1 -name “*.txt ‘| xargs cp – av — target – directory = / home/backup / — parents from a directory to find and copy all in’. TXT ‘ End the file in another directory
Find/var/log – the name ‘*. The log’ | tar CV – files – from = – | bzip2 > the tar. The.bz2 find all to ‘log’ at the end of the file and make a bzip package
Dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 Copy the contents of the MBR (Master Boot Record) to the floppy disk
Dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 Restore the MBR content from the backup saved to the floppy disk
2,CD operation
Cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/ cdrom-eject blank= fast-force Clears the contents of a reproducible CD
Mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso Create an ISO image file on the disk
Mkisofs/dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso. Gz on disk to create a compressed the cd-rom iso image files
Mkisofs-j-allow-leading-dots -r -v “Label CD” -iso-level 4 -o./cd.iso data_cd Creates an ISO image file for a directory
CD record -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso Burns an ISO image file
Gzip – dc cd_iso. Gz | cdrecord dev = / dev/cdrom – burn a compressed the ISO image file
Mount -o loop CD. Iso/MNT /iso Mount an ISO image file
Cd-paranoi-b transcribe audio tracks from a CD to a WAV file
Cd-paranoia — “-3” transcribe audio tracks from a CD to a WAV file (parameter -3)
Cdrecord – scanbus scan bus in order to identify the SCSI channel dd if = / dev/HDC | md5sum check md5sum encoding of a device, such as a CD
Ethernet and WIFI wireless related commands
Ifconfig eth0 displays the configuration of an Ethernet card
Ifup eth0 Enables an ‘eth0’ network device
Ifdown eth0 Disables an ‘eth0’ network device
Ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 Control IP address
Ifconfig eth0 promisc Set ‘eth0’ to promiscuous mode to sniff packets
Dhclient eth0 enable ‘eth0’ in DHCP mode
route -n show routing table
route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway configura default gateway
Route add-net 192.168.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 configure static route to reach network ‘192.168.0.0/16’
Think useful remember to like attention yo!
Big bad Wolf accompany you to progress together!
