Object-oriented programming refers to concepts in high-level languages, such as Java and Python, that use objects and classes in their implementations. OOP has four main building blocks, namely polymorphism, encapsulation, abstraction, and inheritance. There are other programming paradigms, such as procedural programming in which code is written sequentially.

Python and Java are multi-paradigm high-level programming languages. This means they support both OOP and procedural programming. Programmers decide which paradigms to use based on their expertise and the problems they are trying to solve. However, it is indisputable that OOP makes programming easier, faster, more dynamic, and more secure. This is the main reason why Java and Python are the two most popular programming languages in the world today

If you want to learn Java and Python or any other object-oriented programming language, you must understand these object-oriented programming paradigms. Let’s take a look at them.

You may also like:A systematic approach to writing better code using OOP concepts.

heritage

In Java and Python, if you take an OOP approach, the code is written as objects or blocks. Objects can interact with each other by using the properties of each block or by inheriting the functionality of an extension block.

Inheritance ensures that code is reused. Programmers can use millions of Java and Python libraries through inheritance. Properties of a class can be inherited and extended by other classes or functions. There are two types of classes. One is a parent or base class, and the other is a subclass that inherits properties from the parent class. Inheritance is a major pillar of object-oriented programming. It is the mechanism by which classes in Java, Python, and other OOP languages inherit properties of other classes.

A parent class can share its attributes with subclasses. An example of a superclass implementation is in DDL (dynamic link Library). DDL can contain different classes that other programs and functions can use.

You can create a function or class called “Move Robot” to control Robot movement. You can create a method and function in other programs that can inherit the “Move Robot” class without having to rewrite the code over and over again. You can also extend this class by inheriting it and writing code to instruct the robot to move and run under certain circumstances, using if and else statements. Inheritance allows you to create multiple robots that inherit the properties of their parent “mobile robot” class, ensuring code reuse.

In summary, inheritance is concerned with the relationship between classes and methods, just like parents and children. Children may be born with certain attributes of their parents. Inheritance ensures that code is reusable, just as multiple children can inherit properties from their parents.

When we want to create a function, method, or class, we look for a superclass that contains the code or parts of the code we want to implement. We can then derive our class from existing classes. In Java, we do this by using the keyword “Extends”, and in Python we do this by calling the class name to inherit the properties of the class.

encapsulation

This is a programming style in which implementation details are hidden. It greatly reduces the complexity of software development. Use Encapsulation, exposure only method. Programmers don’t have to worry about implementation details, only about operations. For example, if a developer wants to use a dynamically linked library to display dates and times, he doesn’t have to worry about the code in the date and time classes. Instead, they simply call the data and time classes by using public variables.

Essentially, in Python and Java, encapsulation is achieved by creating private variables to define hidden classes, and then calling them with public variables for use. With this approach, you can update or maintain a class without worrying about the methods that use them.

If you call a class in ten methods and need to make changes, you don’t have to update the entire method. Instead, you update a class. When you change the class, it automatically updates the methods accordingly. Encapsulation also ensures that your data cannot be externally modified.

Encapsulation can be thought of as a barrier that protects data from being accessed by external code. In essence, encapsulation binds data and code into a single unit and enforces modularity.

polymorphism

Polymorphism means that it exists in many forms. Variables, functions, and objects can exist in many forms in Java and Python. There are two types of polymorphism, run-time polymorphism and compile-time polymorphism.

A good example of polymorphism in object-oriented programming is cursor behavior. Depending on the user’s behavior or program pattern, the cursor can take different forms, such as arrows, lines, crosses, or other shapes. With polymorphism, a method or subclass can define its behavior and properties while retaining some of the functionality of its parent class.

This means that you can have a class that displays the date and time, and then you can create a method that inherits the class, but should display a welcome message next to the date and time. The goal of polymorphism in object-oriented programming is to force simplification and make code easier to extend and maintain.

Inheritance allows you to create a class hierarchy in which a base class assigns its behavior and properties to a derived class. You are then free to modify or extend its functionality. Polymorphism ensures that the correct method is executed based on the type of the calling object.

You can create a class called “Move,” and then four people create animals that will inherit the Move class. But we don’t know what kind of animals they will create. Thus, polymorphism will allow the animal to move, but in different forms depending on physical characteristics:

  • A creates A snail that inherits the Move class, but the snail crawls.
  • B creates a kangaroo that inherits the Move class, but can jump.
  • C creates a Dog that inherits the Move class, but the Dog walks.
  • D creates a Fish that inherits move, but can swim.

Polymorphism ensures that these animals are all moving, but in different forms. You don’t know how your program behaves until run time.

abstract

Abstraction in Java and Python is a programming approach in which the details of code are hidden from the user and only the basic functionality is shown to the user. Abstractions focus on ideas rather than events. This is like a user running a program (a Web browser) without seeing the background code. Abstractions are implemented in abstract classes or interfaces in Java and Python. NetBeans and the Eclipse IDE implement abstractions for Java, while Django implements abstractions for Python.

Programmers use integrated development environments to design the UI without worrying about how the IDE generates HTML code. In essence, abstractions only show the user the basic details.

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