The introduction
Simple logic Is a even middle school students are able to read the book, but the ultimate goal of this book is not introduce logic this discipline, but to help you to think about the basic idea of using logic in your work life, to learn, so that more will help us find things and the truth, the nature of this article is a study of summary, I will summarize some important points in the book, and also write some summaries of my own thinking, hoping to be helpful to you
What is logic
We often say or hear people say things like, “Why is there no logic in what you say? I didn’t quite understand you” or “What you say is very logical and resonates well after listening to it.” Logic here can be understood as being organized, clear and so on. This also shows that logic is a positive word, it is in line with most people’s values of things. So maybe we still don’t know what is the logic, the book points out that the logic contains two parts, “if” and “conclusion”, is to use one or more logical reasoning to the premise of correct demonstration of the process, come to the conclusion can be concluded that the correct logical reasoning, the truth of the thing and faulty logic reasoning will come to the wrong conclusion, Or make yourself even more confused. Thus, the ultimate purpose of logic is to find the truth of things, to find the essence of things. Here we should distinguish between correct and wrong opinions, because correct opinions are the necessary prerequisite for drawing correct conclusions. Note that this is A necessary condition, not A sufficient condition. Regarding sufficient conditions and necessary conditions, here is A brief explanation: A && B && C &&…. – > T, sufficient conditions: A | B | | | C… -> T -> T -> T -> T -> T -> T -> T -> T
The basic principle of
Like said in the original, the logic of the original rational argument thing is don’t need to go to, also cannot be proved, it is self-evident, their response is absolutely fundamental fact, they are also the primary basis of human consciousness action so profound understanding of these same things for our application logic is very important. A couple of things that I think are important, but the first is the law of contradiction, which says that at the same time, something can’t be this way and it can’t be this way at the same time. This is easy to understand. In middle school, we usually use “proof by contradiction” to prove some mathematical problems. This process is to first assume that something is true, but finally deduce its wrong conclusion on the premise of its correctness, make it contradict itself, and prove that it is not true.
The other principle, or idea, that’s worth noting is that we need to find the root cause of the problem, not the underlying cause, like A -> B -> C, where event A leads to event B, and event B leads to the final outcome event C, and when we see event C, we go back and look for the cause, At this time, if we do not continue to explore the root of the problem and are satisfied with the present moment, then in fact, we have not found the core and most fundamental cause, which is the event A here, so the problem is still not well solved. In today’s fast-paced society, most people pursue something fast. In such an environment, be patient and not impatient. Try to think about the origin of the problem and believe that you will see what most people can’t see, so as to reach the height that most people can’t reach.
The third thing I want to talk about is the definition of things. Logically defining terms involves two steps:
- The terms to be defined are placed in the closest category
- Identify characteristics that distinguish it from others in its class
In my understanding, it is also know the process of a thing or things, for example, we study the Java, we must first put the term in Java in a category, there are so many choices, such as computer knowledge, computer language, computer static language, clearly, here we choose computer static language best, however, Because it is more similar, it is more helpful for us to summarize knowledge, convenient for us to locate knowledge more quickly. In the category of computer static languages, in addition to Java, there are C++, C… We must understand the differences between Java and other languages in the same category to better understand some of the design philosophy and purpose of the Java language. Have you found we strictly according to the two steps, we can better understand the nature of things, that’s right, that is, to bring this way in our programming learning, we believe we can learn more thoroughly, learning, and know the why, rather than merely stay on the surface, stay on the concept of the macro.
Finally speak is categorical preposition, here the author gives two statements, “the radio in the back seat” and “the radio may be in the back seat”, the first sentence here is categorical preposition, directly tell the truth of things, we can immediately according to the corresponding conclusions, but not a second sentence, To reach a conclusion we need further action or inference. Here I don’t want to say how good categorical preposition, not categorical preposition is wrong, I want to say when we speak or talk at ordinary times should pay attention to the expression of yourself or others, to understand what is the truth, the truth is, is objective existence, what only on behalf of a person’s subjective evaluation and speculation, to avoid inadvertently cause ambiguity words, Impeding your or others’ understanding of objective things is important in effective communication.
Logical reasoning
We talked about above logic is the search for the truth of things, is derived based on said more straightforward is prerequisite for conclusion of the process, finally we can correct conclusion is based on the correctness of the premise condition, and the correctness of the derivation, what about before is, we must first determine the premise condition is correct, And we have to make sure that the premises here are related to the conclusion that we are going to derive, that they are closely related, that if we reason based on false or unrelated premises, obviously the conclusion will be wrong, and even if it is true, it just happens to be true, it can’t be proven to be true logically.
First is said and the full name of these two concepts, such as “general”, “some”, “most” are belongs to the category of said, “all”, “everything” and “whole” said these words with a nature of absolute is the full name, we want to know a word, or say one thing, describe say is full or said, In the process of reasoning, we can by the full name of the thesis, according to conclusions, but not a, in turn, such as “all dogs are four legs can launch bulldog is four legs”, but not in turn, this is easy to understand, but we need to put these know what theoretical in peacetime our thinking, often is not simple, Try it, and you’ll find yourself saying things that are illogical a lot of the time.
Another important point in logical reasoning is comparison. It is by comparison that we are able to distinguish between things, and it is from these comparisons that the idea of the intersections of the human race arises. Compare two things, especially the big things, we can’t simply determine whether two things similar according to how much their similarity judgment, because the decisive role is the importance of these similarities, these a similar place isn’t this the nature of things, if the similar place revealed the essence of the two things, it is important, Since it is a property of the thing itself, in this case we can say that the two things are similar.
Logical reasoning has two kinds of argumentation, deductive argumentation and inductive argumentation. Deductive argumentation is from general to individual, while inductive argumentation is the opposite. To put it simply, deductive argumentation leads to inevitable conclusions, while inductive argumentation leads to possible conclusions. Attention, just like before, there is no good or bad, or, the two are in different occasions, different conditions of reasoning, deductive argument you just need to step by step, based on the prerequisite for reasoning down, the inductive reasoning is different, because here you have to do is to use part deduces the overall situation, so you need to ensure you have sufficient representative samples taken, You collect enough data, you collect enough data, otherwise your conclusions are not convincing enough. Whether deductive argument or inductive argument, only when the evidence is sufficient and true, and the preconditions are closely related to the final conclusion, will the final conclusion be credible.
Some factors that mislead logical judgment
The article also gives some factors that will affect our logical thinking, and we need to avoid or reduce the influence of these factors when using logic in daily life.
The first is the emotional factor, have to say that man is a emotional animal, emotional and rational is coexistence, sometimes we do things not because this thing, right when we a lot of knowledge from the perceptual to know above, this is not wrong, we can’t avoid the influence of emotional factors to use logic. But there is need to emphasize that we do things have to clear it because it was right to do, I do or say in order to meet the needs of himself in the emotional aspects, if it is the former you can have some expectation, looking forward to get the correct result, but if it’s the latter, you have to think of possible problems, And to be prepared to solve the problem, or they may fall into a dilemma. The basic principle is never to appeal directly to people’s emotions, but to try to make them discover the truth for themselves. Only the truth is worth cheering for.
Another affect logic is doubt, may we will according to some historical experience to look at the current issues before, there are two state, the first is to doubt that permanent, negative impact of this suspicion is very large, is also extremely dangerous, because it is in before the start of logical reasoning has laid a huge barriers. The second kind is to make appropriate doubt based on some theoretical basis. This kind of doubt is normal, and also plays a protective role in our reasoning and cognition, which can help us to make reasoning in a more correct direction.
Avoiding problems is also a factor that affects logical judgment. Sometimes we choose to collect preconditions or cut corners on reasoning steps because of our laziness and pursuit of quick results, and simply think that there is no evidence to prove that the thing is correct or not. If it is true that our knowledge of something is too limited to make a definite judgment, we can say that we do not know; Saying you don’t know when you’ve done a lot of research is different from saying you don’t know when you haven’t made any effort. Such ignorance is the result of laziness and indifference.
Another influence logic is a parrot, a lot of times our thoughts or approach is to follow most, but you need to know is that for a mistake cognition or ideas, even more people seem to think it is right, from the perspective on the nature of it is wrong, we do logical reasoning, is more of a need to know the truth of the matter, true and false, Instead of trying to figure out who did it.
conclusion
The things above are some of my general summary, certainly have said does not reach the designated position, but I believe that know and don’t know that there is essential difference between, we need to know the importance of logic, and gradually blend in their own life, the next time when listening to others, I will try to see the logic in his words, I can clearly know what is a subjective concept in his words, what is the real objective facts, I also try to let oneself with the words of a more logical, more persuasive, practice more, think more, progress, hope to one of these days, when looking back at the book, there will be more different ideas.