This is the 11th day of my participation in the August Wenwen Challenge.More challenges in August
If you want a meme, drop me a line!
I. Small thoughts:
Since I came out of school, I thought I learned fast and wanted to update the content of K8S. However, I found that I did not have a thorough understanding of many basic knowledge, such as network foundation and computer hardware equipment, etc., but I only had a very simple understanding of some very basic things.
As the saying goes: the foundation is not firm, the earth shakes! I will update the basic knowledge of network and computer hardware in the future. I will put the K8S courses on hold.
When I thought of brother Bird’s Private House Dishes, I didn’t settle down to study it for a long time. I found that the book was very good, so I sorted out the basic knowledge of computer hardware of the book by myself, had a good understanding of it, and then laid a good foundation and gradually became stronger. I fucked you guys ollie!
Introduction to computer
1. What is a computer?
Receiving user input instructions and data, processed by the CPU’s mathematical and logical unit operations to generate or store useful information.
So a computer is anything that has an input device (keyboard or touch screen) and an output device (screen or print directly) that allows you to input data so that the machine can produce information.
Examples: simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division computers for stores, cell phones for making phone calls, GPS for driving cars, ATMs for cash withdrawals, desktop PCS that you often use, portable laptops, etc. These are computers!
2. Computer components?
Five units of computer hardware
If we look at the exterior, there are probably only three parts:
- Input devices: keyboard, mouse, card reader, touch screen, etc
- Host part: this is the system unit, protected by the host housing, which contains CPU and main memory (RAM), etc.
- Output devices: screens, printers, etc
In fact, the most important thing that can be seen inside the computer host case is a host board, which is installed with the central processing unit (CPU) and the main memory as well as some interface card devices and so on
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a chip with specific functions, which contains a microinstruction set. If you want to make the host perform any specific functions, you have to refer to whether the CPU has related built-in microinstruction sets.
CPU’s work mainly lies in management and calculation. CPU can subdivide arithmetic logic unit and control unit
- Arithmetic logic unit is mainly responsible for programming and logical judgment
- The control unit is mainly in coordination of the peripheral components and the work of each unit.
CPU focus is in the calculation and judgment, the calculation and judgment of the data from where? ** The CPU reads data from main memory (RAM)! ** Data in main memory is transferred from the input unit! The data processed by the CPU must be written back to main memory before it is transferred to the output unit from main memory.
2. CPU types
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Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) :
It is a microprocessor to execute less types of computer instructions, originated from the MIPS host in the 1980s (that is, RISC machine), the microprocessor used in RISC machine collectively RISC processor, the execution time of each instruction is very short, complete the action is very simple, the execution efficiency of instructions is better; Common RISC microinstruction set CPU mainly such as Sun's SPARC series, IBM's Power Architecture(including PowerPC) series, and ARM series.Copy the code -
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
Each small instruction in CISC's microinstruction set can perform some lower-order hard exercises. The number of instructions is large and complex, and each instruction has different lengths. Because of the complexity of instruction execution, each instruction takes a long time, but each individual instruction can handle a lot of work. Common CISC microinstruction set cpus mainly include AMD, Intel, VIA, and other x86 architecture cpus.Copy the code
What is the x86 architecture? Due to AMD, Intel, VIA developed by the X86 architecture CPU is widely used in Personal computer (Personal computer) purposes, therefore, Personal computers are often referred to as x86 architecture computer! So why is it called x86 architecture? This is because the earliest Intel developed the CPU code named 8086, and later developed 80286, 80386… So the CPU of this architecture is called x86 architecture.
2. What is 64-bit? This number indicates that the CPU GPRs(general-purpose Registers) allows the CPU to run 64-bit data. This means that the CPU can run 64-bit data at the same time. In 2003 before the development of Intel x86 architecture CPU by 8 bits upgrade to 16, 32 bits, later AMD based on this architecture to modify the new generation of CPU for 64 bits, in order to distinguish the difference between the two, so 64 bits of PC CPU is collectively referred to as x86_64 architecture!
3. What are the differences between cpus on different X86 architectures? In addition to the overall structure of the CPU (such as the second layer cache, the number of instructions per operation can be executed, etc.), mainly lies inDifferences in microinstruction sets.New x86 cpus mostly contain advanced microinstruction sets, these microinstruction sets can speed up the operation of multimedia programs, can also enhance the efficiency of virtualization, and some microinstruction sets can increase energy efficiency, so that the CPU power consumption is reduced! Due to the increasing cost of electricity, when buying a computer, in addition to the overall efficiency, energy-saving CPU features can also be considered oh!
3. Peripheral equipment
The CPU alone can’t run a computer, so it needs other peripherals to actually work. Besides the input/output devices mentioned briefly, and the CPU and main memory (RAM), what other peripherals are there? In fact, the most important peripheral is the motherboard! The host board connects all devices together so that all devices can coordinate and communicate. And the most important component on the motherboard is the motherboard chip set! This chip bank can bring all the devices together!
Other important pieces of equipment are:
- Storage devices: storage devices include hard disks, floppy disks, optical disks, tapes, etc.
- Display device: The display card is very important for playing 3D games. It is related to the delicacy, color and resolution of the display.
- Network devices: You can’t live without the Internet! So network cards are also very important for computers!
4. Computer operation process
If the computer corresponds to a human body, then the computer can correspond to each of these places:
- CPU= brain melon seeds: everyone can do different things (differences in microinstruction sets), but mainly through the brain melon seeds to judge and control the activities of various parts of the body;
- Memory = brain recording block: During the actual activity, our brain can temporarily record the external interaction, providing the CPU to judge;
- Hard disk = memory block in the brain: to record important information so that these important experiences can be used again in the future;
- Mainboard = nervous system: like human nerves, all important components are connected, including the activities of hands and feet are issued by the head melon son command, through the nerve (mainboard) conduction to the hands and feet to carry out activities ah!
- Peripherals = hands, feet, skin, eyes, etc. for human body to communicate with the outside world: just like hands and feet, they are the key for human body to interact with the outside world!
- Graphics card = image in the head: it turns stimuli from the eyes into effects and presents them in the head, so the data generated by the graphics card is also cpu-controlled.
- Power = heart: All the components must be able to operate with enough electricity to supply! This power supply is like the heart, if the heart is not strong enough, then the whole body can not move! What about heart instability? Then of course your body may be on and off ~ unstable!
We know the most important part of the whole event is the head! And the part of the brain that has to do with what’s going on right now is CPU and RAM! Any external contact must be recorded by the memory in the head, and then the CPU in the head makes a judgment based on these data, and then issues commands to each peripheral device! If you need to use past experience, you have to read from past experience.
The most important of the whole host is CPU and memory (RAM), and CPU data sources all come from memory, if you want to judge things by the past experience, also want to experience (hard disk) to the current memory (memory), and then handed over to the CPU to judge
For example, we want to write a text in the computer, first through the input device keyboard, the content input, the input content will be sent to the memory, memory received will be passed to the CPU logic judgment after issuing commands to various peripheral devices, through the device display to the user to see!
5. Classification of computers
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Supercomputers are the fastest computers, but they also cost the most to maintain and operate! It is mainly used in projects that require high-speed computing. For example: national defense military, weather forecast, space science and technology, used in the field of simulation more.
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Mainframe Computer
Mainframes also typically have several high-speed cpus, which are not as powerful as supercomputers but can handle large amounts of data and complex calculations. For example, a mainframe for a large enterprise, a national stock exchange, or a database server for a large enterprise that processes millions of pieces of data every day.
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Minicomputer
The minicomputer retains the versatility of a mainframe computer, but the mainframe can be placed in a regular workplace and does not need special air conditioning like the first two. It is usually used for scientific research, engineering analysis and process management in factories.
- Workstations (Workstation)
Workstations are much cheaper than mini computers and are designed for special purposes. Before personal computers became as efficient as they are today, workstations had the best performance/price ratio of any computer and were therefore common in academic research and engineering analysis.
- MCU (Microcomputer)
Also known as the personal computer, is the main goal of our discussion here! The smallest volume, the lowest price, but the function is all five organs! It can be divided into desk type, note type and so on.
So it follows that the better the configuration, the more expensive the computer.
Unit of account commonly used on computers (capacity, speed, etc.)
The computing power of a computer is determined by speed, and the amount of data stored in a computer storage device is also measured in units.
- Capacity of the unit
A computer records information depending on whether it has power, so in theory it only knows zeros and ones. The unit of 0 over 1 is called bit. However, bit is too small, and each simple data store uses 8 bits to record, so the unit byte is defined, and their relationship is:
1 Byte = 8 bits
Again, though, bytes are too small to determine the size of data in large volumes. For example, can you see how many zeros there are in a 1000000 bytes display? So there are some common simplified unit representations, such as K for 1024, M for 1024K, etc. These units have different values in different carry systems. Here are some common units that correspond to the carry system:
In general, file capacity is binary, so a 1 GBytes file size is actually 1024x1024x1024 Bytes! The speed unit is usually decimal, for example, 1GHz means 1000x1000x1000 Hz.
- Speed of the unit
CPU speed is usually measured in units such as MHz or GHz, which is a fraction of a second. In terms of network transmission, the unit of Mbps is Mbits per second, which means the number of Mbit per second. For example, we often hear 8M/1M ADSL transmission speed, if converted to file capacity byte, in fact, the theoretical maximum transmission value is: 1Mbyte per second / 125Kbyte per second upload/download capacity oh!
Examples:Today, you bought a 500GB hard drive, but after formatting it, you found only 4600GB of capacity. Why? Since most hard disk manufacturers use decimal units, 500 gbytes represents 50010001000 * 1000 byte. The unit of file capacity is binary (base 1024), so it is about 466GB.
7. PC architecture and peripherals
1, CPU details
Location: The CPU slot is the top center part of the gigabyte motherboard schematic. Cpus are usually quite calorific components because they are responsible for a lot of computing. So if you’ve ever taken apart a motherboard, you’ve probably seen that the CPU usually has a fan attached to it to actively dissipate heat.
Multi-core: The main SUPPLIERS of CPUS for x86 PCS are Intel and AMD. The original single-core CPU has only one computing unit. The so-called multi-core is a CPU package with more than two computing cores embedded in it.
Running rate: THE CPU contains a microinstruction set. Different microinstruction sets lead to the efficiency of the CPU. Other than that, what else is there to compare CPU performance to? That is the CPU pulse! What is the time pulse? Simply put, time pulse is the number of times a CPU can work per second. So the higher the pulse, the more things the CPU can do per unit of time! 3.0GHz means that the CPU can perform 3.0×109 tasks per second, and each task can perform a small number of instructions. Timing is currently only used to compare the speed of the same CPU!
- CPU ‘external frequency’ and ‘double frequency’ :
The SPEED of the CPU and the external components should theoretically be consistent. But because the CPU needs more powerful computing power, because a lot of judgment and mathematics are processed in the CPU, so THE CPU developers add an acceleration function in the CPU, so the CPU has the so-called external frequency and frequency doubling! The so-called external frequency refers to the speed when CPU and external components have data transmission, frequency doubling is a multiple of CPU internal used to speed up the working efficiency, the multiplication of the two is the CPU pulse speed.
Tips CPU Overclocking? The so-called overclocking refers to a way of changing the CPU frequency doubling or external frequency setting function through the motherboard to a higher frequency. However, because the CPU frequency doubling is usually locked at the factory and cannot be modified, so it is more often overclocked for the external frequency. For example, if a 3.0GHz CPU like the one mentioned above wanted to overclock, it could change its external frequency from 333MHz to 400MHz, but this would increase the operating frequency of each component of the whole motherboard by 1.333 times (4/3). Although the CPU could reach 3.6GHz, But because the frequency is not normal speed, it may cause problems such as downtime.
32 bits and 64 bits
The amount of data a CPU can process at a time is called word size, which can be 32 or 64 bits, depending on the CPU design. What we now call a computer is 32 or 64 bits depending on the size of the byte that the CPU parses! In early 32-bit cpus, the amount of data that could be passed from RAM was limited because the CPU could only parse a limited amount of data at a time. This also results in a 32-bit CPU that can only support up to 4GBytes of memory.
3. CPU level
For example, the computer I use now is I5-10000U, which means that the CPU level of my computer is I5 level, 10000U represents 10 generations of processors.U is for low voltage version. The current 64-bit cpus are collectively referred to as x86_64.In addition, R5-3550H and I5-10000U are similar. It is the CPU manufactured by AMD. This is the fifth generation, and 3550H represents the third generation of standard pressure processorSo go and see what’s on your computer, la la la la
2. Memory (RAM)
1. Multi-channel design
Since all data must be stored in memory, the larger the data width in memory, the better. To increase this width, chipmakers combine two bits of memory together. If one has 64 bits, the two have 128 bits. This is the dual-channel design. Now on the market desktop computer motherboard may have a number of RAM search job, so high requirements players can insert multiple memory to improve performance!
2, CPU time pulse and memory relationship
That is, the model of the corresponding relationship, the selection of memory models and CPU and chip group, so the motherboard, CPU and the existence of the purchase must consider its relevance oh. External frequency is consistent better!
3. DRAM and SRAM
In addition to memory, there is actually a lot of memory in the entire PC. The best known is the second layer of cache memory within the CPU. SRAM is designed to use a large number of transistors, the price is higher, and it is not easy to make large capacity, but because of its speed, it is a good way to integrate into the CPU as cache memory to speed up data access!
4. Read-only Memory (ROM)
There are many components on the motherboard, each component is adjustable, and some functions are recorded to a CMOS chip on the motherboard, which requires extra power to perform the recording function, which is why there is a small battery on the motherboard!
The BIOS(Basic Input Output System) is a program that is written to a Memory chip on the host board. This Memory chip can record data even without power, that is, Read Only Memory (ROM).
3, the graphics card
Graphics card memory capacity will affect your final screen resolution and color depth oh!
With the popularity of 3D games and some 3D animations, graphics cards’ computing power ‘is becoming increasingly important. Some OF the 3D computing is handed over to the CPU to run early, but the CPU is not designed for these 3D, and the CPU is usually very busy! So the graphics card manufacturers directly embedded a 3D accelerated chip on the graphics card, which is the origin of the so-called GPU name.
4, hard disk
Computers always need to record and read data, and of course these data can not be typed by the user through the keyboard every time! So you need storage facilities. Blog.csdn.net/li_wen01/ar…
I will update it with new knowledge!! (In fact, lazy typing)
