Before the speech
I remember not long ago I shared with you some useful and efficient online tools and websites in my daily work, study, development, writing and video making, and exported all my browser favorites and bookmarks offline files to you.
The background feedback of many friends is good, saying that after the bookmark is imported, many tools are really good to use, mainly saving a lot of time to find resources and organize.
Today continue to share, recently spent a lot of time to the usual development process of some common Linux system commands to do a big arrangement, form a commonly used high-frequency Linux quick check memo. With it, also afraid of Linux operating system common operations and commands can not remember?
Then serve the food directly.
Note: This article is on GitHub
https://github.com/rd2coding/Road2CodingIt has been included. I have organized it
6 programming direction (post) self-study route + knowledge points combing,
The interview examination site,
My resume,
Several hardcore PDF notes, as well as
My life as a programmer.
Shutdown/reboot/log out
| Common commands | role |
|---|---|
| shutdown -h now | Immediately shut down |
| shutdown -h 10 | Power off after 10 minutes |
| shutdown -h 11:00 | 11:00 Shutdown |
| shutdown -h +10 | Shutdown at predetermined time (after 10 minutes) |
| shutdown -c | Cancels shutdown at specified time |
| shutdown -r now | restart |
| shutdown -r 10 | Restart in 10 minutes |
| shutdown -r 11:00 | Time to restart |
| reboot | restart |
| init 6 | restart |
| init 0 | Immediately shut down |
| telinit 0 | To turn it off |
| poweroff | Immediately shut down |
| halt | To turn it off |
| sync | BUFF data synchronization to disk |
| logout | Log out of Shell |
Note: What’s the difference between shutdown, poweroff, halt, or init 0? If you are interested in this, you can understand it by yourself. They are different.
System information and performance view
Command here actually use at ordinary times is very much, because once the system or background services in addition to the problem, we should reach out to look at, often include a lot of system information, such as: system version, the kernel version, processor architecture, computer name, environment variables, user situation, load, memory usage, disk information, process, Internet connection…
| Common commands | role |
|---|---|
| uname -a | View kernel /OS/CPU information |
| uname -r | View kernel version |
| uname -m | View processor architecture |
| arch | View processor architecture |
| hostname | View computer name |
| who | Displays the user currently logged in to the system |
| who am i | Displays the user name when logging in |
| whoami | Displays the current user name |
| cat /proc/version | View Linux version information |
| cat /proc/cpuinfo | View CPU information |
| cat /proc/interrupts | View the interrupt |
| cat /proc/loadavg | View the system load |
| uptime | Check the system running time, number of users, load |
| env | Look at the environment variables for your system |
| lsusb -tv | View system USB device information |
| lspci -tv | View system PCI device information |
| lsmod | View the loaded system modules |
| grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | View total memory |
| grep MemFree /proc/meminfo | View the amount of free memory |
| free -m | Look at the memory usage and swap usage |
| date | Displays system date and time |
| cal 2021 | Displays the calendar table of 2021 |
| top | Dynamic display of CPU/memory/process, etc |
| vmstat 1 20 | Collect system status once every 1 second, 20 times |
| iostat | View IO read/write/CPU usage |
| sar -u 1 10 | Query CPU usage (10 times, once per second) |
| sar -d 1 10 | Query disk performance |
Disks and partitions
These are some of the commonly used commands, and daily use is inside the Windows we little mouse, the graphical interface can view, but we should master in Linux in order to view, such as: all kinds of partition information view, disk usage, and the size of the files and directories, all kinds of mount and unload…
| Common commands | role | |
|---|---|---|
| fdisk -l | View all disk partitions | |
| swapon -s | View all swap partitions | |
| df -h | View disk usage and mount points | |
| df -hl | Check the disk space left | |
| du -sh /dir | View the specified directory size | |
| `du -sk * | sort -rn` | Displays file and directory sizes from high to low |
| mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 | Mount the hda2 plate | |
| mount -t ntfs /dev/sdc1 /mnt/usbhd1 | Mount specified file system type (such as NTFS) | |
| mount -o loop xxx.iso /mnt/cdrom | Mount the ISO file | |
| mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk | Mount the usb drive/flash device | |
| umount -v /dev/sda1 | Unmount by device name | |
| umount -v /mnt/mymnt | Unmount through the hardpoint | |
| fuser -km /mnt/hda1 | Forced Uninstall (used with caution) |
Users and user groups
Linux user group and the user itself is also a very important concept, this part of the command is mainly about: user CRUD, user group CURD, and then also includes the search user, switch user, change password, check the user login log…
| Common commands | role |
|---|---|
| useradd codesheep | Create a user |
| userdel -r codesheep | Delete user |
| usermod -g group_name user_name | Modify the user’s group |
| usermod -aG group_name user_name | Add a user to a group |
| Usermod-s /bin/ksh-d /home/codepig — g dev codesheep | Modify the login Shell, home directory, and user group for user codesheep |
| groups test | View the group that the test user belongs to |
| groupadd group_name | Create a User Group |
| groupdel group_name | Delete user group |
| groupmod -n new_name old_name | Rename the user group |
| su – user_name | Complete switch to a user environment |
| passwd | Change password |
| passwd codesheep | Modify the password for a user |
| w | View active users |
| id codesheep | View the specified user information |
| last | View the user login log |
| crontab -l | View the current user’s scheduled tasks |
| cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd | View all users of the system |
| cut -d: -f1 /etc/group | View all groups on the system |
Network and process management
As a backend development, these commands are often used, such as: view the network, view the connection, view the port service, configure the network card/firewall/routing table /DNS, view and filter the process, collect the system status, and some system performance monitoring and troubleshooting commands… And so on. These commands come in handy when back-end developers connect to corporate servers to troubleshoot problems, and are used frequently.
| Common commands | role | |
|---|---|---|
| ifconfig | View the network interface properties | |
| ifconfig eth0 | View the configuration of a network card | |
| route -n | View the routing table | |
| netstat -lntp | View all listening ports | |
| netstat -antp | View all connections that have been established | |
| netstat -lutp | View TCP/UDP status information | |
| ifup eth0 | Enable the eth0 network device | |
| ifdown eth0 | Disable eth0 network devices | |
| iptables -L | Look at the iptables rule | |
| Ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 | Configure IP Address | |
| dhclient eth0 | Enable eth0 in DHCP mode | |
| route add -net 0/0 gw Gateway_IP | Configuring the default gateway | |
| Route Add-net 192.168.0.0 NetMask 255.255.0.0GW 192.168.1.1 Route Add-net 192.168.0.0 NetMask 255.255.0.0GW 192.168.1.1 | Configure static routing arrival network ‘192.168.0.0/16’ | |
| route del 0/0 gw Gateway_IP | Delete static route | |
| hostname | View hostname | |
| host www.codesheep.cn | Resolve hostname | |
| nslookup www.codesheep.cn | Query the DNS records to see if the domain name resolution is working | |
| ps -ef | View all processes | |
| `ps -ef | grep codesheep` | Filter out the processes you need |
| kill -s name | Kill the process with the name specified | |
| kill -s pid | Kill specifies the process for the pid | |
| top | Display process status in real time | |
| vmstat 1 20 | Collect system status once every 1 second, 20 times | |
| iostat | View IO read/write/CPU usage | |
| sar -u 1 10 | Query CPU usage (10 times, once per second) | |
| sar -d 1 10 | Query disk performance |
Common system service commands
This type of command usually contact also a lot of, for example, we are in the installation and deployment of a variety of basic programming environment and services are often used, such as the installation of JDK, MySQL database, Redis cache, NGINX server…
| Common commands | role |
|---|---|
chkconfig --list |
List system services |
| Service < > status | View a service |
| Service < > start | Start a service |
| Service < name > stop | Terminating a service |
| Service < name > restart | Restart a service |
| Systemctl status < service name > | View a service |
| Systemctl start < service name > | Start a service |
| Systemctl stop < service name > | Terminating a service |
| SystemCTL restart < service name > | Restart a service |
| Systemctl enable < service name > | Open self start |
| Systemctl Disable < service name > | Close self start |
File and directory operations
These commands are all the basic operations used by Linux system, and are also the most frequently used commands in daily life, about file operation, about directory operation, about the path. For example: a variety of high-frequency operations on files and directories, create, view, find, delete, rename, copy, soft connect, quick location and find… And so on. These are high frequency and practical commands.
| Common commands | role | |
|---|---|---|
| CD < directory name > | Go to a directory | |
| cd .. | Back to higher directory | |
| cd .. /.. | Go back up two levels | |
| cd | Enter the personal home directory | |
| cd – | Go back to the previous step | |
| pwd | Show the current path | |
| ls | View the list of file directories | |
| ls -F | View the contents of the directory (shows file or directory) | |
| ls -l | View a detailed list of files and directories | |
| ls -a | View Hidden Files | |
| ls -lh | Show permissions | |
| ls -lSr | more | View files/directories by size |
| tree | View the tree structure of files and directories | |
| Mkdir < directory name > | Create a directory | |
| mkdir dir1 dir2 | Create two directories simultaneously | |
| mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 | Creating a directory tree | |
| rm -f file1 | Delete the ‘file1’ file | |
| rmdir dir1 | Delete the ‘dir1’ directory | |
| rm -rf dir1 | Delete the ‘dir1’ directory and its contents | |
| rm -rf dir1 dir2 | Delete both directories and their contents simultaneously | |
| mv old_dir new_dir | Rename/move the directory | |
| cp file1 file2 | Copy the file | |
| cp dir/* . | Copy all files in a directory to the current directory | |
| cp -a dir1 dir2 | Copy directory | |
| cp -a /tmp/dir1 . | Copies a directory to the current directory | |
| ln -s file1 link1 | Create a soft link to a file/directory | |
| ln file1 lnk1 | Create a physical link to a file/directory | |
| find / -name file1 | Search for files/directories starting with the following directory | |
| find / -user user1 | Search the file/directory for user user1 | |
| find /dir -name *.bin | Search the directory /dir for files with the.bin suffix | |
| Locate the key word | Fast Locating Files | |
| locate *.mp4 | Look for files ending in.mp4 | |
| whereis halt | Displays the path to a binary/executable file | |
| which halt | Find binaries in the system directory | |
| chmod ugo+rwx dir1 | Sets read (r) write (w) execute (x) permissions for directory owners (u), groups (g), and others (o) | |
| chmod go-rwx dir1 | Removes group (G) and others (O) access to read and write to the directory | |
| chown user1 file1 | Changes the owner properties of the file | |
| chown -R user1 dir1 | Changes the owner property of the directory | |
| chgrp group1 file1 | Change file group | |
| chown user1:group1 file1 | Change the owners and groups of the file |
File view and processing
This part of the command is mainly targeted at the file processing or text processing, for example, we as a programmer, that the operation is the source of the code file, all kinds of fad view, compare, increase, delete, replace, merge… And so on a series of quick operations.
| Common commands | role | |
|---|---|---|
| cat file1 | View file contents | |
| cat -n file1 | View the content and mark the number of lines | |
| cat xxx.txt | awk ‘NR%2==1’ | View all odd-numbered lines in the file |
| tac file1 | Review the contents of the file backwards from the last line | |
| more file1 | View the contents of a long file | |
| less file1 | Similar to the more command, but allows the reverse operation | |
| head -2 file1 | Look at the first two lines of the file | |
| tail -2 file1 | Look at the last two lines of the file | |
| tail -f /log/msg | View what is added to the file in real time | |
| grep codesheep hello.txt | Look for the keyword codesheep in the file hello.txt | |
| grep ^sheep hello.txt | Look for something starting with SHEEP in the file hello.txt | |
| grep [0-9] hello.txt | Select all lines in the hello.txt file that contain numbers | |
| sed ‘s/s1/s2/g’ hello.txt | Replace s1 with s2 in the hello.txt file | |
| sed ‘/^$/d’ hello.txt | Remove all blank lines from the hello.txt file | |
| sed ‘/ *#/d; /^$/d’ hello.txt | Remove all comments and blank lines from the hello.txt file | |
| sed -e ‘1d’ hello.txt | Exclude the first line from the file hello.txt | |
| sed -n ‘/s1/p’ hello.txt | Look at the rows that contain only the keyword “s1” | |
| sed -e ‘s/ *$//’ hello.txt | Delete the last whitespace character on each line | |
| sed -e ‘s/s1//g’ hello.txt | Remove only the term S1 from the document and keep the rest | |
| Sed – n ‘1, 5 p; 5q’ hello.txt | Look at lines 1 through 5 | |
| sed -n ‘5p; 5q’ hello.txt | Look at line 5 | |
| paste file1 file2 | Merges the contents of two files or columns | |
| paste -d ‘+’ file1 file2 | Merges the contents of two files or columns, separated by a “+” | |
| sort file1 file2 | Sort the contents of two files | |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq | Take out the union (keep only one copy of duplicate rows) |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -u | Delete the intersection, leaving other rows |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -d | Take the intersection |
| comm -1 file1 file2 | Compare the contents of two files (excluding the contents of ‘file1’) | |
| comm -2 file1 file2 | Compare the contents of two files (remove the contents of ‘file2’) | |
| comm -3 file1 file2 | Compare the contents of two files (excluding the parts common to both files) |
Pack and unpack
This part of the content is mainly about the file or directory packaging compression and decompression, involving several compressed package formats and files, this part of the command is usually used very, very frequently.
| Common commands | role |
|---|---|
| zip xxx.zip file | Compress to a zip package |
| zip -r xxx.zip file1 file2 dir1 | Press multiple files + directories into ZIP packages |
| unzip xxx.zip | Unpack the zip package |
| tar -cvf xxx.tar file | Create an uncompressed tar package |
| tar -cvf xxx.tar file1 file2 dir1 | Tar multiple files + directories |
| tar -tf xxx.tar | View the contents of the tar package |
| tar -xvf xxx.tar | Unpack the tar packages |
| tar -xvf xxx.tar -C /dir | Unzip the tar package to the specified directory |
| tar -cvfj xxx.tar.bz2 dir | Create the BZ2 package |
| tar -jxvf xxx.tar.bz2 | Unzip the BZ2 package |
| tar -cvfz xxx.tar.gz dir | Create a GZIP archive |
| tar -zxvf xxx.tar.gz | Extract the gzip archive |
| bunzip2 xxx.bz2 | Unzip the BZ2 package |
| bzip2 filename | The compressed file |
| gunzip xxx.gz | Extract the gzip archive |
| gzip filename | The compressed file |
| gzip -9 filename | Maximum compression |
Then there are some common package manager commands. First of all, you should know what a package manager is.
Let’s just say that without a package manager, just installing software on a Linux system would discourage a lot of users, because a lot of software dependency processing would be annoying. So in a nutshell, we can think of a package manager as a component that provides support for installing, uninstalling, upgrading, and querying software on a Linux system, so it is generally a set of utility commands for user use.
For example, the most widely used package structure is the RPM package manager, which is used by systems such as RedHat and CentOS. The typical commands are RPM and yum. Then there is the DPKG package manager, which is used by systems such as Debon and Ubuntu, with typical commands such as DPKG commands and apt software tools.
RPM package management commands
| Common commands | role |
|---|---|
| rpm -qa | View the installed RPM packages |
| rpm -q pkg_name | Query an RPM package |
| rpm -q –whatprovides xxx | Show which package provides the XXX functionality |
| rpm -q –whatrequires xxx | Shows which packages the XXX function is dependent on |
| rpm -q –changelog xxx | Displays the change record for the XXX package |
| rpm -qi pkg_name | View the details of a package |
| rpm -qd pkg_name | Query the documents provided by a package |
| rpm -qc pkg_name | View the configuration files provided by the installed RPM package |
| rpm -ql pkg_name | See what files a package has installed |
| rpm -qf filename | To see which package a file belongs to |
| rpm -qR pkg_name | Query package dependencies |
| rpm -ivh xxx.rpm | Install the RPM package |
| rpm -ivh –test xxx.rpm | Test the RPM package installation |
| rpm -ivh –nodeps xxx.rpm | Ignore dependencies when installing the RPM package |
| rpm -e xxx | Uninstall package |
| rpm -Fvh pkg_name | Upgrade to determine the installed RPM package |
| rpm -Uvh pkg_name | Upgrade the RPM package (if not installed) |
| rpm -V pkg_name | RPM package details verification |
YUM package management command
| Common commands | role |
|---|---|
| yum repolist enabled | Displays the available source repositories |
| yum search pkg_name | Search package |
| yum install pkg_name | Download and install the package |
| yum install –downloadonly pkg_name | Download only, not install |
| yum list | Display all packages |
| yum list installed | View the installed packages for the current system |
| yum list updates | View the list of packages that can be updated |
| yum check-update | Look at upgradable packages |
| yum update | Update all packages |
| yum update pkg_name | Upgrade a specified package |
| yum deplist pkg_name | Lists package dependencies |
| yum remove pkg_name | Delete package |
| yum clean all | Clear the cache |
| yum clean packages | Clear the cached package |
| yum clean headers | Clear the cached headers |
The DPKG package management command
| Common commands | role |
|---|---|
| dpkg -c xxx.deb | Lists the contents of the deb package |
| dpkg -i xxx.deb | Install/update the DEB package |
| dpkg -r pkg_name | Remove the deb package |
| dpkg -P pkg_name | Remove the deb package (without preserving the configuration) |
| dpkg -l | Check that the DEB package is installed on your system |
| dpkg -l pkg_name | Displays general information about the package |
| dpkg -L pkg_name | View the files for the deb package installation |
| dpkg -s pkg_name | View package details |
| DPKG — unpack XXX. Deb | Unwrap the contents of the deb package |
APT Software Tools
| Common commands | role |
|---|---|
| apt-cache search pkg_name | Search package |
| apt-cache show pkg_name | Gets the overview information for the package |
| apt-get install pkg_name | Install/upgrade software packages |
| apt-get purge pkg_name | Uninstall software (including configuration) |
| apt-get remove pkg_name | Uninstall software (excluding configuration) |
| apt-get update | Update package index information |
| apt-get upgrade | Update installed packages |
| apt-get clean | Clear the cache |
Offline files
In addition to the above content, the comb also put those high-frequency useful Linux commands to carry out, and make the two forms of offline document, respectively, in PDF format and high-definition image format, PDF convenient computer view, high-definition pictures, convenient use cell phone to see, so it’s okay to kung fu can take it out on your phone Chou Chou, take a look at.
The PDF document looks something like this:
HD images look something like this, a dozen of them, with hundreds of commands:
The document making
https://github.com/rd2coding/Road2CodingIt’s already included.
Remember after
In addition, I recently spent a lot of effort to self-use programming learning resources to do a big reorganization.
They are all pure liver goods. The list is as follows.
The content of making
https://github.com/rd2coding/Road2CodingIt’s already included, and there’s something I’ve compiled
6 major programming direction of self-study route + knowledge points combing,
My resume,
The interview examination site,
Several hardcore PDF notes, as well as
My life as a programmerWelcome to STAR.
The sorting is not easy, welcome support, see you next time!
