English - what does this stand for in JavaScript?

1. The mystery of `this`

A lot of time this keyword was a mystery for me and many starting JavaScript developers. It is a powerful feature, but requires some efforts to be understood.

From a background like Java, PHP or other standard language, this is seen as an instance of current object in the class method: no more and no less. Mostly, it cannot be used outside the method and this simple approach does not create confusion.

In JavaScript, this is the current execution context of a function. Because the language has 4 function invocation types:

function invocation: alert('Hello World! ')
method invocation: console.log('Hello World! ')
constructor invocation: new RegExp('\\d')
indirect invocation: alert.call(undefined, 'Hello World! ')

and each one defines its own context, this behaves slight different than developer expects.

Moreover strict mode also affects the execution context.

The key to understanding this keyword is having a clear view over functions invocation and how this impacts the context. This article is focused on the invocation explanation, how the function call influences this and demonstrates the common pitfalls of identifying the context.

Before starting, let’s familiarize with a couple of terms:

Invocation is executing the code that makes the body of a function (simply calling the function). For example parseInt function invocation is parseInt('15').
Context of an invocation is the value of this within function body.
Scope of a function is a set of variables, objects, functions accessible within a function body.

Table of contents:

The mystery of this
This in Function Invocation 2.2. This in Function Invocation, strict mode 2.3. Pitfall: this in an inner function
Method invocation

3.1. this in method invocation

3.2. Pitfall: separating method from its object
Summarization 4.1. Pitfall: Forgetting about new
Indirect invocation

5.1. this in indirect invocation
This is Bound function
This in Arrow function 7.2. Pitfall: Defining method with Arrow function
Conclusion

2. Function invocation

Function invocation is performed when an expression that evaluates to a function object is followed by an open parenthesis (, a comma separated list of arguments expressions and a close parenthesis ). For example parseInt(’18’). The expression cannot be a property accessor myObject.myFunction, Which creates a method invocation. For example [1,5]. Join (‘,’) is not a function invocation, but a method call.

A simple example of function invocation:

function hello(name) { return 'Hello ' + name + '! '; } // Function invocation var message = hello('World'); console.log(message); // => 'Hello World! 'Copy the code

hello('World') is the function invocation: hello expression evaluates to a function object, followed by a pair of parenthesis with 'World' argument.

A more advanced example is the IIFE (immediately-invoked function expression):

var message = (function(name) { return 'Hello ' + name + '! '; })('World'); console.log(message) // => 'Hello World! 'Copy the code

IIFE is a function invocation too: first pair of parenthesis (function(name) {… }) is an expression that evaluates to a function object, followed by a pair of parenthesis with ‘World’ argument: (‘World’).

2.1. `this` in function invocation

this is the global object in a function invocation

The global object is determined by the execution environment. It is the window object in a web browser and the process object in a NodeJS script.

In a function invocation the execution context is the global object.

Let’s check the context in the following function:

function sum(a, b) { console.log(this === window); // => true this.myNumber = 20; // add 'myNumber' property to global object return a + b; } // sum() is invoked as a function // this in sum() is a global object (window) sum(15, 16); // => 31 window.myNumber; / / = > 20Copy the code

At the time sum(15, 16) is called, JavaScript automatically sets this as the global object, which in a browser is window.

When this is used outside any function scope (the top most scope: global execution context), it also refers to the global object:

console.log(this === window); // => true this.myString = 'Hello World! '; console.log(window.myString); // => 'Hello World! 'Copy the code

  
  
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2.2. `this` in function invocation, strict mode

this is undefined in a function invocation in strict mode

The strict mode introduced in ECMAScript 5.1, which is a restricted variant of JavaScript and provides better security and stronger error checking. To enable it, place the directive ‘use strict’ at the top of a function body. This mode affects the execution context making this to Be undefined. The execution context is not The global object anymore, contrary to above case 2.1.

An example of running a function in strict mode:

function multiply(a, b) { 'use strict'; // enable the strict mode console.log(this === undefined); // => true return a * b; } // multiply() function invocation with strict mode enabled // this in multiply() is undefined multiply(2, 5); / / = > 10Copy the code

When multiply(2, 5) is invoked as a function this is undefined.

The strict mode is active not only in the current scope, but also in the inner scopes (for all functions declared inside):

function execute() { 'use strict'; // activate the strict mode function concat(str1, str2) { // the strict mode is enabled too console.log(this === undefined); // => true return str1 + str2; } // concat() is invoked as a function in strict mode // this in concat() is undefined concat('Hello', ' World! '); // => "Hello World!" } execute();Copy the code

‘use strict’ is inserted at the top of execute body, which enables the strict mode within its scope. Because concat is declared within the execute scope, it inherits the strict mode. And the invocation concat(‘Hello’, ‘ World! ‘) makes this to be undefined.

A single JavaScript file may contain both strict and non-strict modes. So it is possible to have different context behavior in a single script for the same invocation type:

function nonStrictSum(a, b) { // non-strict mode console.log(this === window); // => true return a + b; } function strictSum(a, b) { 'use strict'; // strict mode is enabled console.log(this === undefined); // => true return a + b; } // nonStrictSum() is invoked as a function in non-strict mode // this in nonStrictSum() is the window object nonStrictSum(5, 6); // => 11 // strictSum() is invoked as a function in strict mode // this in strictSum() is undefined strictSum(8, 12); / / = > 20Copy the code

2.3. Pitfall: `this` in an inner function

A common trap with the function invocation is thinking that this is the same in an inner function as in the outer function.

Correctly the context of the inner function depends only on invocation, but not on the outer function’s context.

To have the expected this, modify the inner function’s context with indirect invocation (using .call() or .apply(), see 5.) or create a bound function (using .bind(), see 6.).

The following example is calculating a sum of two numbers:

var numbers = { numberA: 5, numberB: 10, sum: function() { console.log(this === numbers); // => true function calculate() { // this is window or undefined in strict mode console.log(this === numbers); // => false return this.numberA + this.numberB; } return calculate(); }}; numbers.sum(); // => NaN or throws TypeError in strict modeCopy the code

numbers.sum() is a method invocation on an object (see 3.), so the context in sum is numbers object. calculate function is defined inside sum, so you might expect to have this as numbers object in calculate() too. However calculate() is a function invocation (but Not method Invocation) and it has this as the global object window (case 2.1.) or undefined in strict mode (case 2.2.). Even if the outer function sum has the context as numbers object, it doesn’t have influence here. The invocation result of numbers.sum() is NaN or an error is thrown TypeError: Cannot read property ‘numberA’ of undefined in strict mode. Definitely not the expected result 5 + 10 = 15, all because calculate is not invoked correctly.

To solve the problem, calculate function should be executed with the same context as the sum method, in order to access numberA and numberB properties. One solution is to use .call() method (see section 5.):

var numbers = { numberA: 5, numberB: 10, sum: function() { console.log(this === numbers); // => true function calculate() { console.log(this === numbers); // => true return this.numberA + this.numberB; } // use .call() method to modify the context return calculate.call(this); }}; numbers.sum(); / / = > 15Copy the code

calculate.call(this) executes calculate function as usual, but additionally modifies the context to a value specified as the first parameter. Now this.numberA + this.numberB is equivalent to numbers.numberA + numbers.numberB and the function returns the expected result 5 + 10 = 15.

3. Method invocation

A method is a function stored in a property of an object. For example:

var myObject = {  
  // helloFunction is a method
  helloFunction: function() {
    return 'Hello World!';
  }
};
var message = myObject.helloFunction();  
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helloFunction is a method in myObject. To get the method, use a property accessor: myObject.helloFunction.

Method invocation is performed when an expression in a form of property accessor that evaluates to a function object is followed by an open parenthesis (, a comma separated list of arguments expressions and a close parenthesis ).

Using the previous example, myObject.helloFunction() is a method invocation of helloFunction on the object myObject. Also method calls are: [1, 2].join(',') or /\s/.test('beautiful world').

It is important to distinguish function invocation (see section 2.) from method invocation, because they are different types. The main difference is that method invocation requires a property accessor form to call the function (.functionProperty() or ['functionProperty']()), while function invocation does not (()).

['Hello', 'World'].join(', '); // method invocation ({ ten: function() { return 10; } }).ten(); // method invocation var obj = {}; obj.myFunction = function() { return new Date().toString(); }; obj.myFunction(); // method invocation var otherFunction = obj.myFunction; otherFunction(); / / function invocation parseFloat (' 16.60 '); // function invocation isNaN(0); // function invocationCopy the code

3.1. `this` in method invocation

this is the object that owns the method in a method invocation

When invoking a method on an object, this becomes the object itself.

Let’s create an object with a method that increments a number:

var calc = { num: 0, increment: function() { console.log(this === calc); // => true this.num += 1; return this.num; }}; // method invocation. this is calc calc.increment(); // => 1 calc.increment(); / / = > 2Copy the code

Calling calc.increment() will make the context of the increment function to be calc object. So using this.num to increment the number property is working well.

A JavaScript object inherits a method from its prototype. When the inherited method is invoked on the object, the context of the invocation is still the object itself:

var myDog = Object.create({ sayName: function() { console.log(this === myDog); // => true return this.name; }}); myDog.name = 'Milo'; // method invocation. this is myDog myDog.sayName(); // => 'Milo'Copy the code

Object.create() creates a new object myDog and sets the prototype. myDog object inherits sayName method. When myDog.sayName() is executed, myDog is the context of invocation.

In ECMAScript 6 class syntax, the method invocation context is also the instance itself:

class Planet {  
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;    
  }
  getName() {
    console.log(this === earth); // => true
    return this.name;
  }
}
var earth = new Planet('Earth');  
// method invocation. the context is earth
earth.getName(); // => 'Earth'  
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3.2. Pitfall: Separating method from its objects

A method from an object can be extracted into a separated variable. When calling the method using this variable, you might think that this is the object on which the method was defined.

Correctly if the method is called without an object, then a function invocation happens: where this is the global object window or undefined in strict mode (see 2.1 and 2.2).

Creating a bound function (using .bind(), see 6.) fixes the context, making it the object that owns the method.

The following example creates Animal constructor and makes an instance of it – myCat. Then setTimout() after 1 second logs myCat object information:

function Animal(type, legs) {  
  this.type = type;
  this.legs = legs;  
  this.logInfo = function() {
    console.log(this === myCat); // => false
    console.log('The ' + this.type + ' has ' + this.legs + ' legs');
  }
}
var myCat = new Animal('Cat', 4);  
// logs "The undefined has undefined legs"
// or throws a TypeError in strict mode
setTimeout(myCat.logInfo, 1000);  
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You might think that setTimout will call the myCat.logInfo(), which will log the information about myCat object. But the method is separated from its object when passed as a parameter: setTimout(myCat.logInfo), and after 1 second a function invocation happens. When logInfo is invoked as a function, this is global object or undefined in strict mode (but not myCat object), so the object information does not log correctly.

A function can be bound with an object using .bind() method (see 6.). If the separated method is bound with myCat object, the context problem is solved:

function Animal(type, legs) {  
  this.type = type;
  this.legs = legs;  
  this.logInfo = function() {
    console.log(this === myCat); // => true
    console.log('The ' + this.type + ' has ' + this.legs + ' legs');
  };
}
var myCat = new Animal('Cat', 4);  
// logs "The Cat has 4 legs"
setTimeout(myCat.logInfo.bind(myCat), 1000);  
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myCat.logInfo.bind(myCat) returns a new function that executes exactly like logInfo, but has this as myCat even in a function invocation.

4. Constructor invocation

Constructor invocation is performed when new keyword is followed by an expression that evaluates to a function object, an open parenthesis (, a comma separated list of arguments expressions and a close parenthesis ). For example: new RegExp('\\d').

This example declares a function Country, then invokes it as a constructor:

function Country(name, traveled) {  
   this.name = this.name ? this.name : 'United Kingdom';
   this.traveled = Boolean(traveled); // transform to a boolean
}
Country.prototype.travel = function() {  
  this.traveled = true;
};
// Constructor invocation
var france = new Country('France', false);  
// Constructor invocation
var unitedKingdom = new Country;

france.travel(); // Travel to France  
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new Country('France', false) is a constructor invocation of the Country function. The result of execution is a new object, which name property is 'France'.

If the constructor is called without arguments, then the parenthesis pair can be omitted: new Country.

Starting ECMAScript 6, JavaScript allows to define constructors using class keyword:

class City {  
  constructor(name, traveled) {
    this.name = name;
    this.traveled = false;
  }
  travel() {
    this.traveled = true;
  }
}
// Constructor invocation
var paris = new City('Paris', false);  
paris.travel();  
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new City('Paris') is a constructor invocation. The object initialization is handled by a special method in the class: constructor, which has this as the newly created object.

A constructor call creates an empty new object, which inherits properties from constructor’s prototype. The role of constructor function is to initialize the object. As you might know already, the context in this type of call is the created instance. This is next chapter subject.

When a property accessor myObject.myFunction is preceded by new keyword, JavaScript will execute a constructor invocation, but not a method invocation.

For example new myObject.myFunction(): first the function is extracted using a property accessor extractedFunction = myObject.myFunction, then invoked as a constructor to create a new object: new extractedFunction().

4.1. `this` in constructor invocation

this is the newly created object in a constructor invocation

The context of a constructor invocation is the newly created object. It is used to initialize the object with data that comes from constructor function arguments, setup initial value for properties, attach event handlers, etc.

Let’s check the context in the following example:

function Foo () {  
  console.log(this instanceof Foo); // => true
  this.property = 'Default Value';
}
// Constructor invocation
var fooInstance = new Foo();  
fooInstance.property; // => 'Default Value'  
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new Foo() is making a constructor call where the context is fooInstance. Inside Foo the object is initialized: this.property is assigned with a default value.

The same scenario happens when using class syntax (available in ES6), only the initialization happens in the constructor method:

class Bar {  
  constructor() {
    console.log(this instanceof Bar); // => true
    this.property = 'Default Value';
  }
}
// Constructor invocation
var barInstance = new Bar();  
barInstance.property; // => 'Default Value'  
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At the time when new Bar() is executed, JavaScript creates an empty object and makes it the context of the constructor method. Now you can add properties to object using this keyword: this.property = 'Default Value'.

4.2. Pitfall: forgetting about `new`

Some JavaScript functions create instances not only when invoked as constructors, but also when invoked as functions. For example RegExp:

var reg1 = new RegExp('\\w+');  
var reg2 = RegExp('\\w+');

reg1 instanceof RegExp;      // => true  
reg2 instanceof RegExp;      // => true  
reg1.source === reg2.source; // => true  
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When executing new RegExp('\\w+') and RegExp('\\w+') JavaScript creates equivalent regular expression objects.

Using a function invocation to create objects is a potential problem (excluding factory pattern), because some constructors may omit the logic to initialize the object when new keyword is missing. The following example illustrates the problem:

function Vehicle(type, wheelsCount) {  
  this.type = type;
  this.wheelsCount = wheelsCount;
  return this;
}
// Function invocation
var car = Vehicle('Car', 4);  
car.type;       // => 'Car'  
car.wheelsCount // => 4  
car === window  // => true  
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Vehicle is a function that sets type and wheelsCount properties on the context object. When executing Vehicle(‘Car’, 4) an object car is returned, which has the correct properties: car.type is ‘Car’ and car.wheelsCount is 4. You might think it works well for creating and initializing new objects. However this is a window object in a function Invocation (see 2.1.) and Vehicle(‘Car’, 4) is setting properties on the window object – faulty scenario. A new object is not created.

Make sure to use new operator in cases when a constructor call is expected:

function Vehicle(type, wheelsCount) { if (! (this instanceof Vehicle)) { throw Error('Error: Incorrect invocation'); } this.type = type; this.wheelsCount = wheelsCount; return this; } // Constructor invocation var car = new Vehicle('Car', 4); car.type // => 'Car' car.wheelsCount // => 4 car instanceof Vehicle // => true // Function invocation. Generates an error. var brokenCat = Vehicle('Broken Car', 3);Copy the code

new Vehicle('Car', 4) works well: a new object is created and initialized, because new keyword is present in the constructor invocation.

A verification is added in the constructor function: this instanceof Vehicle, to make sure that execution context is a correct object type. If this is not a Vehicle, then an error is generated. This way if Vehicle('Broken Car', 3) is executed (without new) an exception is thrown: Error: Incorrect invocation.

5. Indirect invocation

Indirect invocation is performed when a function is called using .call() or .apply() methods.

Functions in JavaScript are first-class objects, which means that a function is an object. The type of this object is Function.

From the list of methods that a function object has, .call() and .apply() are used to invoke the function with a configurable context.

The method .call(thisArg[, arg1[, arg2[, ...]]]) accepts the first argument thisArg as the context of the invocation and a list of arguments arg1, arg2, ... that are passed as arguments to the called function.

And the method .apply(thisArg, [args]) accepts the first argument thisArg as the context of the invocation and an array-like object of values [args] that are passed as arguments to the called function.

The following example shows the indirect invocation:

function increment(number) { return ++number; } increment.call(undefined, 10); // => 11 increment.apply(undefined, [10]); / / = > 11Copy the code

increment.call() and increment.apply() both invoke the increment function with 10 argument.

The main difference between the two is that .call() accepts a list of arguments, for example myFunction.call(thisValue, 'value1', 'value2'). But .apply() accepts a list of values in an array-like object, e.g. myFunction.apply(thisValue, ['value1', 'value2']).

5.1. `this` in indirect invocation

this is the first argument of .call() or .apply() in an indirect invocation

It’s obvious that this in indirect invocation is the value passed as first argument to .call() or .apply(). The following example shows that:

var rabbit = { name: 'White Rabbit' };  
function concatName(string) {  
  console.log(this === rabbit); // => true
  return string + this.name;
}
// Indirect invocations
concatName.call(rabbit, 'Hello ');  // => 'Hello White Rabbit'  
concatName.apply(rabbit, ['Bye ']); // => 'Bye White Rabbit'  
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The indirect invocation is useful when a function should be executed with a specific context. For example to solve the context problems with function invocation, where this is always window or undefined in strict mode (see 2.3.). It can be used to simulate a method call on an object (see the previous code sample).

Another practical example is creating hierarchies of classes in ES5 to call the parent constructor:

function Runner(name) {  
  console.log(this instanceof Rabbit); // => true
  this.name = name;  
}
function Rabbit(name, countLegs) {  
  console.log(this instanceof Rabbit); // => true
  // Indirect invocation. Call parent constructor.
  Runner.call(this, name);
  this.countLegs = countLegs;
}
var myRabbit = new Rabbit('White Rabbit', 4);  
myRabbit; // { name: 'White Rabbit', countLegs: 4 }  
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Runner.call(this, name) inside Rabbit makes an indirect call of the parent function to initialize the object.

6. Bound function

A bound function is a function bind with an object. Usually it is created from the original function using .bind() method. The original and bound functions share the same code and scope, but different contexts on execution.

The method .bind(thisArg[, arg1[, arg2[, ...]]]) accepts the first argument thisArg as the context of the bound function on invocation and an optional list of arguments arg1, arg2, ... that are passed as arguments to the called function. It returns a new function bound with thisArg.

The following code creates a bound function and later invokes it:

function multiply(number) { 'use strict'; return this * number; } // create a bound function with context var double = multiply.bind(2); // invoke the bound function double(3); // => 6 double(10); / / = > 20Copy the code

multiply.bind(2) returns a new function object double, which is bound with number 2. multiply and double have the same code and scope.

Contrary to .apply() and .call() methods (see 5.), which invokes the function right away, the .bound() method returns a new function that it supposed to be invoked later with a pre-configured this.

6.1. `this` in bound function

this is the first argument of .bind() when invoking a bound function

The role of .bind() is to create a new function, which invocation will have the context as the first argument passed to .bind(). It is a powerful technique that allows to create functions with a predefined this value.

Let’s see how to configure this of a bound function:

var numbers = { array: [3, 5, 10], getNumbers: function() { return this.array; }}; // Create a bound function var boundGetNumbers = numbers.getNumbers.bind(numbers); boundGetNumbers(); // => [3, 5, 10] // Extract method from object var simpleGetNumbers = numbers.getNumbers; simpleGetNumbers(); // => undefined or throws an error in strict modeCopy the code

numbers.countNumbers.bind(numbers) returns a function boundGetNumbers that is bound with numbers object. Then boundGetNumbers() is invoked with this as numbers and returns the correct array object.

The function numbers.getNumbers can be extracted into a variable simpleGetNumbers without binding. On later function invocation simpleGetNumbers() has this as window or undefined in strict mode, but not numbers object (see 3.2. Pitfall). In this case simpleGetNumbers() will not return correctly the array.

.bind() makes a permanent context link and will always keep it. A bound function cannot change its linked context when using .call() or .apply() with a different context, or even a rebound doesn’t have any effect.

Only the constructor invocation of a bound function can change that, however this is not a recommended approach (for constructor invocation use normal, not bound functions).

The following example declares a bound function, then tries to change its pre-defined context:

function getThis() {  
  'use strict';
  return this;
}
var one = getThis.bind(1);  
// Bound function invocation
one(); // => 1  
// Use bound function with .apply() and .call()
one.call(2);  // => 1  
one.apply(2); // => 1  
// Bind again
one.bind(2)(); // => 1  
// Call the bound function as a constructor
new one(); // => Object  
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Only new one() changes the context of the bound function, other types of invocation always have this equal to 1.

7. Arrow function

Arrow function is designed to declare the function in a shorter form and lexically bind the context.

It can used the following way:

var hello = (name) => { return 'Hello ' + name; }; hello('World'); // => 'Hello World' // Keep only even numbers [1, 2, 5, 6].filter(item => item % 2 === 0); / / = > [2, 6]Copy the code

Arrow functions bring a lighter syntax, excluding the verbose keyword function. You could even omit the return, when the function has only 1 statement.

An arrow function is anonymous, which means that name property is an empty string ''. This way it doesn’t have a lexical function name (which would be useful for recursion, detaching event handlers).

Also it doesn’t provide the arguments object, opposed to a regular function. However this is fixed using ES6 rest parameters:

var sumArguments = (... args) => { console.log(typeof arguments); // => 'undefined' return args.reduce((result, item) => result + item); }; sumArguments.name // => '' sumArguments(5, 5, 6); / / = > 16Copy the code

7.1. `this` in arrow function

this is the enclosing context where the arrow function is defined

The arrow function doesn’t create its own execution context, but takes this from the outer function where it is defined.

The following example shows the context transparency property:

class Point { constructor(x, y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } log() { console.log(this === myPoint); // => true setTimeout(()=> { console.log(this === myPoint); // => true console.log(this.x + ':' + this.y); // => '95:165'}, 1000); } } var myPoint = new Point(95, 165); myPoint.log();Copy the code

setTimeout is calling the arrow function with the same context (myPoint object) as the log() method. As seen, the arrow function “inherits” the context from the function where it is defined. If trying to use a regular function in this example, it would create its own context (window or undefined in strict mode). So to make the same code work correctly with a function expression it’s necessary to manually bind the context: setTimeout(function() {… }.bind(this)). This is verbose, and using an arrow function is a cleaner and shorter solution.

If the arrow function is defined in the top most scope (outside any function), the context is always the global object (window in a browser and process object in NodeJS):

var getContext = () => {  
   console.log(this === window); // => true
   return this;
};
console.log(getContext() === window); // => true  
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An arrow function is bound with the lexical context once and forever. this cannot be modified even if using the context modification methods:

var numbers = [1, 2];  
(function() {  
  var get = () => {
    console.log(this === numbers); // => true
    return this;
  };
  console.log(this === numbers); // => true
  get(); // => [1, 2]
  // Use arrow function with .apply() and .call()
  get.call([0]);  // => [1, 2]
  get.apply([0]); // => [1, 2]
  // Bind
  get.bind([0])(); // => [1, 2]
}).call(numbers);
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A function expression is called indirectly using .call(numbers), which makes this of the invocation as numbers. The get arrow function has this as numbers too, because it takes the context lexically.

No matter how get is called, it always keeps the initial context numbers. Indirect call with other context (using .call() or .apply()), rebinding (using .bind()) have no effect.

Arrow function cannot be used as a constructor. If invoking it as a constructor new get(), JavaScript throws an error: TypeError: get is not a constructor.

7.2. Pitfall: defining method with arrow function

You might want to use arrow functions to declare methods on an object. Fair enough: their declaration is quite short comparing to a function expression: (param) => {… } instead of function(param) {.. }.

This example defines a method format() on a class Period using an arrow function:

function Period (hours, minutes) {  
  this.hours = hours;
  this.minutes = minutes;
}
Period.prototype.format = () => {  
  console.log(this === window); // => true
  return this.hours + ' hours and ' + this.minutes + ' minutes';
};
var walkPeriod = new Period(2, 30);  
walkPeriod.format(); // => 'undefined hours and undefined minutes'  
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Since format is an arrow function and is defined in the global context (top most scope), it has this as window object. Even if format is executed as a method on an object walkPeriod.format(), window is kept as the context of invocation. It happens because arrow function have a static context that doesn’t change on different invocation types. this is window, so this.hours and this.minutes are undefined. The method returns the string: ‘undefined hours and undefined minutes’, which is not the expected result.

The function expression solves the problem, because a regular function does change its context depending on invocation:

function Period (hours, minutes) {  
  this.hours = hours;
  this.minutes = minutes;
}
Period.prototype.format = function() {  
  console.log(this === walkPeriod); // => true
  return this.hours + ' hours and ' + this.minutes + ' minutes';
};
var walkPeriod = new Period(2, 30);  
walkPeriod.format(); // => '2 hours and 30 minutes'  
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Walkperiod. format() is a method Invocation on an object (see 3.1.) with the context walkPeriod object.this.hours evaluates to 2 and this.minutes to 30, so the method returns the correct result: ‘2 hours and 30 minutes’.

8. Conclusion

Because the function invocation has the biggest impart on this, from now on do not ask yourself:

Where is this taken from?

but do ask yourself:

How is the function invoked?

For an arrow function ask yourself:

What is this where the arrow function is defined?

This mindset is correct when dealing with this and will save you from headache.

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English – what does this stand for in JavaScript?

1. The mystery of `this`

2. Function invocation

2.1. `this` in function invocation

2.2. `this` in function invocation, strict mode

2.3. Pitfall: `this` in an inner function

3. Method invocation

3.1. `this` in method invocation

3.2. Pitfall: Separating method from its objects

4. Constructor invocation

4.1. `this` in constructor invocation

4.2. Pitfall: forgetting about `new`

5. Indirect invocation

5.1. `this` in indirect invocation

6. Bound function

6.1. `this` in bound function

7. Arrow function

7.1. `this` in arrow function

7.2. Pitfall: defining method with arrow function

8. Conclusion

English – what does this stand for in JavaScript?

1. The mystery of this

2. Function invocation

2.1. this in function invocation

2.2. this in function invocation, strict mode

2.3. Pitfall: this in an inner function

3. Method invocation

3.1. this in method invocation

3.2. Pitfall: Separating method from its objects

4. Constructor invocation

4.1. this in constructor invocation

4.2. Pitfall: forgetting about new

5. Indirect invocation

5.1. this in indirect invocation

6. Bound function

6.1. this in bound function

7. Arrow function

7.1. this in arrow function

7.2. Pitfall: defining method with arrow function

8. Conclusion

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JavaScript constructors

1. The mystery of `this`

2.1. `this` in function invocation

2.2. `this` in function invocation, strict mode

2.3. Pitfall: `this` in an inner function

3.1. `this` in method invocation

4.1. `this` in constructor invocation

4.2. Pitfall: forgetting about `new`

5.1. `this` in indirect invocation

6.1. `this` in bound function

7.1. `this` in arrow function