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Basic concept of informatization

1.1 Information system concept

1.1.1 information

It is a universal form of the state and motion characteristics of objective things. In the objective world, there exist, produce and transmit a large number of various information expressed in these ways.

According to Wiener, the founder of cybernetics, information is information, neither matter nor energy.

As the founder of information theory, Shannon proposed that information is “something used to eliminate random uncertainty” and determined the unit of information amount as bit. Information has value, and the value depends on the quality of information, which requires information to meet a certain quality attributes, including:

  1. Accuracy, the degree of accuracy in describing the state of things.
  2. Completeness: The degree to which a state of affairs is described in a comprehensive way. Complete information should include all important facts.
  3. Reliability means that the source, collection method and transmission process of information can be trusted and meet expectations.
  4. Timeliness refers to the interval between the time of information acquisition and the time of event occurrence. No matter how accurate yesterday’s weather information was,

Complete, not helpful in guiding tomorrow’s dress, from this point of view, this information is of zero value. “

  1. Economy refers to the cost of information acquisition and transmission within an acceptable range. wide
  2. Verifiability refers to the extent to which the main qualitative attributes of information can be verified or falsified.
  3. Security refers to the possibility that information can be accessed without authorization during the information life cycle. The lower the possibility, the higher the security.

1.1.2 Composition of information system

Components include hardware, software, databases, networks, storage devices, sensing devices, peripherals, people, and procedures for processing data into information.

  • Hardware: Consists of computer devices that perform input, processing, and output behavior.
  • Software: consists of programs that manage the operation of a computer.
  • Database: a collection of facts and information organized in an institutional and standardized way. Database is the most valuable and important part of information system.

1.1.3 Six elements of the National informatization system

  • Information technology application: it is the leader of the six elements of the information system, and the main front of the national information construction, reflecting the needs and interests of the national information construction;
  • Information resources: its development and utilization is the core task of national informatization, the key to obtain actual results in national informatization construction, and also the weak link of China’s informatization;
  • Information network: it is the foundation of information resources exploitation and utilization and information technology application, and it is the necessary means of information transmission, exchange and sharing. Information technology and industry: is the foundation of informationization construction in Our country;
  • Informatization talent: it is the foundation of the success of national informatization, and plays a decisive influence on the development speed and quality of other elements, and is the key of informatization construction;
  • Informatization policies, regulations and standards: used to standardize and coordinate the relationship between the six elements of informatization system, which is the fundamental guarantee for the rapid, sustainable, orderly and healthy development of national informatization.

1.1.4 Informatization requirements include three levels

Strategic, operational and technical needs.

  1. Strategic needs. The goal of organization informatization is to enhance the competitive ability of the organization and provide a supporting environment for the sustainable development of the organization. In a sense, informatization is not only a means of service for organizations and an auxiliary tool for realizing existing strategies; Informatization can elevate organizational strategy to one. A new level, for the organization to bring new development opportunities. Especially for enterprises, informatization strategy is the basis of enterprise competition.

  2. Operational requirements. The operational demand of organization informatization is a very important and key part of the demand of organization informatization, which includes three aspects: first, the need to achieve the strategic goal of informatization; The second is the need for operational strategy. Third, the need for talent training.

  3. Technical requirements. Because the system development time is too long and other problems in the information technology level of the system to improve, upgrade, integration and integration of the requirements. Also some organizations, the original basic. There are no large-scale information system projects, and some are only some stand-alone applications. The information needs of such organizations are generally to develop new systems from scratch.

1.1.5 Application Hierarchy Classification

  • Strategic level (top management level);
  • Tactical level (middle managers and their management departments);
  • Operational level (the business unit of a service enterprise);
  • Transaction level (management business personnel of the enterprise);

1.1.6 Data Environment classification

  • Data file: relatively primitive data processing method, manual operation of files, such as only using text, Excel and other records of information.

  • Application database: Each department in an enterprise has an independent database, which is designed for different application fields and cannot communicate with each other.

  • Subject database: there is only one integrated information database in the enterprise, which is oriented to business topics and realizes information sharing.

  • Information retrieval system: the concept of data warehouse, mainly used for big data analysis, retrieval.

1.1.7 Systems Engineering

A new subject developed in the middle and late period of last century. It was first produced in the United States in the 1940s. Up to now, systems engineering has become an indispensable part of the rapid development of modern society. The birth of the system engineering to natural science and social science in the thoughts, theories and methods according to the needs of the overall coordination, integrated application, and make use of modern electronic computer, the system structure, elements, such as the information and feedback analysis, in order to achieve the optimal planning, the optimal design, optimal management and optimal control and so on.

1.1.8 Hall three-dimensional structure

It is composed of logical dimension, time dimension and knowledge dimension. When solving a large engineering project using systems engineering methods, there are seven steps:

  1. Clear problem
  2. Establish a value system or evaluation system
  3. System analysis
  4. The system integrated
  5. Optimization selection of system scheme
  6. Decision-making “decision-making is management”, “decision-making is decision”, human decision-making management activities are faced with the increasingly large and complex decision-making system.
  7. Make a plan To have a decision to put into practice, implementation depends on a strict and effective plan.

For a specific work project, the whole process can be divided into seven stages from the planning to the new:

  1. Planning stage. That is, in the stage of research and program design, the purpose is to seek the planning and strategy of activities;
  2. Draw up a plan. Come up with specific plans.
  3. Development stage. Make development plan and production plan.
  4. Production phase. Produce system components and entire system, and propose installation plan.
  5. Installation phase. Complete the system installation and complete the system operation plan.
  6. Run phase. The system serves the intended purpose.
  7. Update phase. That is, to improve the function of the system, replace the old system with a new system, or improve the original system, so that it works more effectively.

3. Knowledge Dimension (Specialized Scientific Knowledge) In addition to certain general knowledge required to complete the above steps and stages, systems engineering also requires knowledge of other disciplines and various specialized skills, which Hall divides into engineering, medicine, architecture, commerce, law, management, social science and art. All kinds of systems engineering, such as military systems engineering, economic systems engineering, information systems engineering, etc. All require the use of other corresponding professional foundations.

1.2 Informatization strategic system

1.2.1 The architecture diagram is as follows:

  • Enterprise strategic planning uses opportunities and threats to evaluate the present and future environment, evaluate the current situation of the enterprise with advantages and disadvantages, and then select and determine the overall and long-term goals of the enterprise, formulate and choose the action plan to achieve the goals.

  • The strategic planning of information system focuses on how to support the operation of business process through information system, and then achieve the key business objectives of the enterprise. The key point is to plan the vision of information system, composition structure and logical relations of each part.

  • Information technology strategic planning; IT strategic planning, usually referred to as IT strategic planning, is based on information system planning, to support the operation of information system hardware, software, support environment and other specific planning, IT is more concerned with technical issues.

  • Information resource planning refers to data demand analysis, information resource standard establishment and information resource integration for specific information construction projects on the basis of the above planning.

  • System planning project analysis of a single project, is the first stage of the information system life cycle phase of the mission is to the enterprise environment, objectives and the status of the existing system of the preliminary investigation, according to the business goal and development strategy, determine the development strategy of information system, the demand for construction of the new system to make analysis and forecast, at the same time considering building a new system of various constraints, Study the necessity and possibility of building a new system.

1.2.2 Main integration methods of enterprise strategy and informatization strategy

Business-lt Alignment (BITA) and Enterprise lT Architecture (EITA).

  • BITA is a business-oriented, comprehensive IT management consulting implementation methodology. From developing enterprise strategy, establishing (improving) organizational structures and business processes, to managing and planning transitions, IT can better serve enterprise strategy and objectives. BITA applies to information systems that cannot meet the business needs of current management, and there are always inconsistencies between business and T.

  • EITA analyzes corporate strategy, helps companies develop IT strategies and guides their investment decisions. In terms of technology, information system, information, IT organization and IT process, help enterprises to establish IT principles, norms, models and standards, point out the areas needing improvement and help to formulate action plans. EITA applies to enterprises that have inconsistent and incompatible information systems and IT infrastructures, and lack unified overall management.

Strategic planning of information systems

The strategic planning of an enterprise information system can be divided into the following three stages:

2.1 Stage I: Centering on data processing and the needs of functional departments

  • BSP: Identifies business objectives, business processes and data from top to bottom, then analyzes the data and designs information systems from bottom to top. Attach importance to the creation and use of data, categorize by the creation and use of data, provide an information system planning, establish CU matrix (creation and use matrix).

  • Key success factor CSF: Pay attention to key factors, every enterprise has key factors at a certain stage, seize the key information.

  • Strategic set transformation method SST: collect the enterprise’s strategic information (environment, target, etc.) as an “information set” and convert it into the strategic information of the information system, focusing on the enterprise’s strategic information in an all-round way.

2.2 Stage 2: The enterprise internal MIS (Management information system) as the core, centering on the overall needs of the enterprise

  • Strategic Data Planning method (SDP) : Emphasizes the establishment of enterprise models and subject databases (focus and key, is business subject oriented, the whole enterprise), data classes are basically stable, while business and process are variable.

  • Information engineering method IE: it is the first time to put forward the method of engineering to establish information system, information engineering is oriented to the construction of enterprise computer information system, data-centered development method. According to the information engineering method, three elements are closely related to the enterprise information system: various information of the enterprise, the business process of the enterprise and the information technology adopted by the enterprise. Information engineering divides the whole development process of information system into four implementation stages from top to bottom, which are information planning stage, business domain analysis stage, system design stage and system construction stage respectively.

  • Strategy grid SG: Build a 2 x 2 matrix, each matrix element represents the process of creating and using data classes, etc. A grid is a partition matrix.

2.3 Stage 3: Comprehensively consider the internal and external environment of the enterprise, take integration as the core, and focus on the strategic needs of the enterprise

  • Value chain analysis VCA: All the information that has an impact on the enterprise is regarded as an activity, which is likely to add value to the enterprise, and the information that has the greatest value added to the enterprise is analyzed.

  • Strategic alignment Model SAM: Ensure that the enterprise strategy and information system strategy are aligned.

Government informatization and e-government

E-government refers to the use of modern information technology in the management and service functions of government agencies to realize the reorganization and optimization of government organizational structure and work process, beyond the constraints of time, space and partial separation, and build a streamlined, efficient, clean and fair government operation mode. The e-government model can be summarized into two aspects: the government uses advanced network information technology to realize office automation, management information and decision-making science; Government departments and all sectors of society make full use of network information platform to share information and services, strengthen mass supervision to improve efficiency and promote openness of government affairs, and so on.

E-government content

Enterprise informatization and e-commerce

Enterprise informatization must be built on the basis of enterprise strategic planning, and the enterprise management mode based on enterprise strategic planning is the basis of establishing enterprise strategic data model. Enterprise informatization is the integration of technology and business. This “integration” is not simply to use information system to automate the manual operation process, but needs to be realized from the level of enterprise strategy, business operation and management operation. The construction of enterprise informatization is not so much a technological change as a revolution of enterprise management and business process. It is a reconstruction of value chain with the help of advanced information technology and network technology. At the same time, enterprise informatization is a process of continuous development and change, it has no end, at least not see the end. Method is not the same as the information system construction of enterprise information, this is because information system construction method is a specific method of information project construction, and the method is the method of the enterprise informatization of enterprise information, therefore, the method of enterprise information than the information system construction method is higher level and wider.

Enterprise informatization involves the innovation of enterprise management concept. The core of management science is to apply scientific methods to implement management. According to the requirements of market development, the existing management process of enterprises is reintegrated, from financial and capital management as the core of management to the management of technology, materials and human resources. And extend to enterprise technology innovation, process design, product design, production and manufacturing process management, and then extend to customer relationship management, supply chain management and the development of e-commerce, the formation of enterprise internal to external diffusion of all-round management. Enterprise informatization focuses on the information analysis and research of enterprise operation and management. The management ideas contained in the information system can also help enterprises establish a more scientific and standardized management operation system and provide accurate and timely management decision-making information.

4.1 ERP

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a management platform that provides decision-making and operation means for enterprises based on information technology and systematic management ideas. ERP system is an information system that integrates all the resources of an enterprise and manages them comprehensively and integrally.

Evolution: MATERIAL requirements planning (BILL of Materials system) — Manufacturing resource planning (increase inventory, distribution, etc.) — Enterprise resource planning (connect supply chain, add finance, human resources, sales management, etc.).

An enterprise has four major resources: logistics (logistics management), capital flow (financial management), information flow (production control management) and human resource (human resource management). The resource plan of an enterprise can be understood from the following three points:

Management thought :ERP is first of all a kind of management thought, classified management of enterprise resources, is a change of management thought. Software products: Second, ERP is a software product that provides integrated solutions for enterprise users. It is not bought and used directly, but needs personalized development and deployment. Management system :ERP is finally a management system, there are many subsystems, these subsystems have a unified planning, is interconnected, easy to monitor in advance.